fear of crime and Gender in Tehran

Document Type : researcher

Authors
asia Mousazadeh 1
bahare arvin 2
anvar nostafavi 3
1 Researcher of social problems
2 Faculty of Humanities/Tarbiat Modares University
3 Study and planning center of Tehran city
10.22034/scm.2024.204348
Abstract
Gender is an important variable in the field of fear of crime studies. The problem of fear of crime with respect to gender is significant in the sense that women have a higher fear of crime despite being less victimized than men. The term fear of crime to others and restrictive behaviors adopted among both sexes have been investigated. The method used is qualitative. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with twenty men and women aged 15 years and above in Tehran. Purposive sampling method was used in the selection of sample people taking into account the most variations. Data analysis was done using structural coding. The results of the study showed that, in general, fear of crime is socially constructed, both in its personal form and in the form of fear of crime for others, and objective conditions do not have much effect on creating fear of crime, and limited behaviors in response to each These two fears are adopted by men and women.
Keywords: fear of crime, gender, fear of crime for others, limited behavior

Highlights

 

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Nilgun colpan Erkan,Beril sevintopco(2021) Gender-based differences in fear of crime in public spaces: An investigation of a safe district in Istanbul, Urbani Izziv 32(2):87-97, DOI:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2021-32-02-02

Pritchard, Adam J, Jordan ,Carol E. and Wilcox, Pamela(2015), Safety concerns, fear and precautionary behavior among college women: An exploratory examination of two measures of residency, Security Journal 28, 16 – 38. doi: 10.1057/sj.2012.39

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Rader, Nicole E, Cossman, Jeralynn S,  Allison, Marisa(2009), Considering the Gendered Nature of Constrained Behavior Practices Among Male and Female College Students,Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Volume 25 Number 3 August2009 282-299.

Saldana, Johnny (2016), Coding Guide for Qualitative Researchers, Translated by Abdollah Givyan, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications (in Persian)

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Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein, and Gilani, Ashraf (2009), Social Disorganization and Fear of Crime, Social Welfare, No. 34 (in Persian)

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Sofi Johansson & Karen Haandrikman (2023) Gendered fear of crime in the urban context: A comparative multilevel study of women’s and men’s fear of crime, Journal of Urban Affairs, 45:7, 1238-1264,

Stanko, Elizabeth A. and Hobdell ,Kathy(1993), ASSAULT ON MEN: Masculinity and Male Victimization,: The British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 400-415

Trickett, Loretta (2009), ‘DON’T LOOK NOW’ - MASCULINITIES, ALTRUISTIC FEAR AND THE SPECTRE OF SELF: WHEN, WHY AND HOW MEN FEAR FOR OTHERS: Crimes and Misdemeanours 3/1 (2009) ISSN 1754-0445 82.

War, Mark, (2000). Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy , criminal tustice, Vol. 4.

 Warr, M. and C. Ellison, (2000). ‘Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in family households’, The American Journal of Sociology, 106 (3) pp.551 – 573.

WARR, Mark, (1992), Altruistic Fear of Victimization in Households, Social Science Quarterly , Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 723-736 .

Williams Reid, Lesley & Konrad , Miriam (2004): The Gender Gap in Fear: Assessing the Interactive Effects of Gender and Perceived Risk on Fear of Crime, Sociological Spectrum: Mid-South Sociological Association, 24:4, 399-425

Woolnough,April D(2009), Fear of crime on campus: Gender differences in useof self-protective behaviours at an urban university, Security Journal (2009) 22, 40 – 55. doi: 10.1057/sj.2008.1

Keywords

Subjects

 
Hilinski, Carly M, Pentecost Neeson, Kindsey E, Andrews, Heather(2011), Explaining the Fear of Crime Among College Women, in their own Words, The Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 8(1)
Ashbourne, Jessica(2014), Evidence for a Big Brother Effect in Survey-Based Fear of Crime Research , International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2014, vol 3, 146-157.
Drakulich, Kevin M(2014), Concerns for Self or Family? Sources of and Responses to Altruistic Fear, Journal of Interpersonal Violence DOI: 10.1177/0886260514539842, 1– 40.
Ferraro, Kenneth F. (1996). ‘‘Women’s Fear of Victimization: Shadow of Sexual Assault?’’ Social Forces 75:667–690.
Ferraro, Kenneth F. and Randy LaGrange. (1987). ‘‘The Measurement of Fear ofCrime.’’ Sociological Inquiry 57:70–1
Fox ,Kathleen A., Nobles, Matt R and Piquero, Alex R(2009) ,Gender, crime victimization and fear of crime ,Security Journal (2009) 22, 24 – 39. doi: 10.1057/sj.2008.13
Garofalo, James, (1981), The Fear Of Crime: Causes And Consequences, The Journal Of Criminal law & riminology,   Vol. 72, No. 2
Gray, Emily. Jackson, Jonathan and Farrall, Stephen (2011), FEELINGS AND FUNCTIONS IN THE FEAR OF CRIME; Applying a New Approach to Victimisation Insecurity, doi:10.1093/bjc/azq066 BRIT. J. CRIMINOL. 51, 75–94
Grohe, Bonnie Rae(2006), Perceptions of Crime, Fear of Crime and Defensible Space in Fortworth Negborhoods, Dissertation for the Dagree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Texas at Arlington.
Hale, C (1996) Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4(2): 79–150
Lane, Jodi, Gover ,Angela, Dahod, Sara R(2009) ,Fear of Violent Crime AmongMen and Women on Campus: The Impact of Perceived Risk and Fear of Sexual Assault, Violence and Victims, Volume 24, Number 2, 2009
Michael L. Chataway & Timothy C. Hart (2019) A Social-Psychological Process of “Fear of Crime” for Men and Women: Revisiting Gender Differences from a New Perspective, Victims & Offenders, 14:2, 143-164, DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2018.1552221
Najar Nahavandi, Maryam, Ahangar Salabati, Azam (2010), Sociological study of women's sense of sexual security, Social Issues Review, No. 3, 167-178 (in Persian)
Nilgun colpan Erkan,Beril sevintopco(2021) Gender-based differences in fear of crime in public spaces: An investigation of a safe district in Istanbul, Urbani Izziv 32(2):87-97, DOI:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2021-32-02-02
Pritchard, Adam J, Jordan ,Carol E. and Wilcox, Pamela(2015), Safety concerns, fear and precautionary behavior among college women: An exploratory examination of two measures of residency, Security Journal 28, 16 – 38. doi: 10.1057/sj.2012.39
Rader ,Nicole & Cossman, Jeralynn(2011), Gender Differences in U.S. College Students’ Fear for Others, Sex Roles (2011) 64:568–581, DOI 10.1007/s11199-011-9940-5.
Rader, Nicole E, Cossman, Jeralynn S,  Allison, Marisa(2009), Considering the Gendered Nature of Constrained Behavior Practices Among Male and Female College Students,Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Volume 25 Number 3 August2009 282-299.
Saldana, Johnny (2016), Coding Guide for Qualitative Researchers, Translated by Abdollah Givyan, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications (in Persian)
Sen, Amartya (2016), Equality and Freedom, translated by Hassan Fasharaki, Shiraz Publications, Tehran, first edition (in Persian)
Serajzadeh, Hossein, Roozkhosh, Mohammadi, Mohammad Sedigh (2010) Research Project on Social Issues in Tehran Neighborhoods, Report 2 - Report on Ten Sampling Clusters, Tehran Municipality Social and Cultural Studies Office (in Persian)
Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein, and Gilani, Ashraf (2009), Social Disorganization and Fear of Crime, Social Welfare, No. 34 (in Persian)
Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein, Feizi, Iraj (2014). "Women and Social Issues in Tehran". Collection of Articles on Women and Urban Life; Book Four: Women, Security and Social Harms. Tehran City Studies and Planning Center. pp. 15-84. (in Persian)
Snedker ,Karen A(2006), Altruistic and Vicarious Fear of Crime: Fear for Others and Gendered Social Roles, Sociological Forum, Vol. 21, No. 2, June , DOI: 10.1007/s11206-006-9019-1
Sofi Johansson & Karen Haandrikman (2023) Gendered fear of crime in the urban context: A comparative multilevel study of women’s and men’s fear of crime, Journal of Urban Affairs, 45:7, 1238-1264,
Stanko, Elizabeth A. and Hobdell ,Kathy(1993), ASSAULT ON MEN: Masculinity and Male Victimization,: The British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 400-415
Trickett, Loretta (2009), ‘DON’T LOOK NOW’ - MASCULINITIES, ALTRUISTIC FEAR AND THE SPECTRE OF SELF: WHEN, WHY AND HOW MEN FEAR FOR OTHERS: Crimes and Misdemeanours 3/1 (2009) ISSN 1754-0445 82.
War, Mark, (2000). Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy , criminal tustice, Vol. 4.
 Warr, M. and C. Ellison, (2000). ‘Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in family households’, The American Journal of Sociology, 106 (3) pp.551 – 573.
WARR, Mark, (1992), Altruistic Fear of Victimization in Households, Social Science Quarterly , Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 723-736 .
Williams Reid, Lesley & Konrad , Miriam (2004): The Gender Gap in Fear: Assessing the Interactive Effects of Gender and Perceived Risk on Fear of Crime, Sociological Spectrum: Mid-South Sociological Association, 24:4, 399-425
Woolnough,April D(2009), Fear of crime on campus: Gender differences in useof self-protective behaviours at an urban university, Security Journal (2009) 22, 40 – 55. doi: 10.1057/sj.2008.1
Society Culture Media
Volume 13, Issue 50
Spring 2024
Pages 109-133

  • Receive Date 19 September 2023
  • Revise Date 17 March 2024
  • Accept Date 18 March 2024