Identifying factors affecting Performing Preventive Behaviors against COVID-19: Application of Health Belief Model and PEN-3

Document Type : researcher

Author
Davood Mehrabi
Faculty of Cultural Studies and Communication, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the role of health communication in health crises, particularly performing individual preventive behaviors to cope with such situations. By applying Health Belief Model (HBM) and PEN-3 model, this study aimed to identify factors affecting performing preventive behaviors against COVID-19. Using a non-probability sampling method, this correlational online cross-sectional study conducted in 2022. The population of the study included Internet users older than 18 years old. HBM and preventive behaviors questions adopted form previous studies and PEN-3 questions developed by the researcher. 422 respondents completed the research questionnaire. SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive and inferential analysis namely as frequency, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. Among six behaviors under investigation, washing hands (3.1 out of 5) and using gloves (0.9 out of 5) had the highest and lowest mean respectively. Performing preventive behaviors were positively correlated with perceptions, perceived self-efficacy, perceived severity, cues to action, age, educational level, economic status, vaccination status, and family history of the COVID-19. The present study predicted about 52% (R2: .516) of the variance of performing preventive behaviors among the studied sample. Considering this predictability of health belief model, PEN-3, demographic traits, health communication scholars and health education and promotion programs can utilize these models and constructs in health-relation intervention particularly in the face of pandemics.

Highlights

 

  • مهرابی، داود. (1400). کاربست مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی با هدف شناسایی پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های قصد انجام غربالگری سرطان روده بزرگ. کومش.  دوره ۲۴، شماره ۱. صص :۶۹-۷۷
  • دلشاد نوقابی، علی؛ یوشنی، نوشین؛ محمدزاده، فاطمه؛ جوانبخت، سارا. (1399). یشگویی کننده های رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از ابتلا به کووید-۱۹ در جمعیت ایرانی بالای ۱۵ سال: کاربردی از مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران. دوره ۳۰، شماره ۱۹۱. صص :۱۳-۲۱
  • خزائی پول، مریم؛ شهروسوند، شکوه؛ نقیبی، سید ابوالحسن. (1399). پیش بینی رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از کووید-۱۹ بر اساس سازه های مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی (HBM): مطالعه مبتنی بر اینترنت در جمعیت استان مازندران. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران. دوره ۳۰ ، شماره ۱۹۰. صص :۵۶-۶۶
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Keywords
Preventive Behaviors
COVID-19
Health Belief Model
PEN-3
Health Communication
Subjects
  •  
  • مهرابی، داود. (1400). کاربست مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی با هدف شناسایی پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های قصد انجام غربالگری سرطان روده بزرگ. کومش.  دوره ۲۴، شماره ۱. صص :۶۹-۷۷
  • دلشاد نوقابی، علی؛ یوشنی، نوشین؛ محمدزاده، فاطمه؛ جوانبخت، سارا. (1399). یشگویی کننده های رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از ابتلا به کووید-۱۹ در جمعیت ایرانی بالای ۱۵ سال: کاربردی از مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران. دوره ۳۰، شماره ۱۹۱. صص :۱۳-۲۱
  • خزائی پول، مریم؛ شهروسوند، شکوه؛ نقیبی، سید ابوالحسن. (1399). پیش بینی رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از کووید-۱۹ بر اساس سازه های مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی (HBM): مطالعه مبتنی بر اینترنت در جمعیت استان مازندران. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران. دوره ۳۰ ، شماره ۱۹۰. صص :۵۶-۶۶
  • نقیبی، ابوالحسن؛ جمشیدی، پروانه؛ یزدانی، جمشید؛ رستمی فرشته. (1395). شناسایی عوامل مرتبط با غربالگری سرطان پستان بر اساس الگوی PEN-۳ در معلمان شهر کرمانشاه. آموزش بهداشت و ارتقای سلامت. دوره  ۴، شماره 1. صص :۵۸-۶۴

 

منابع انگلیسی

  • Airhihenbuwa, C., Iwelunmor, J., Munodawafa, D., Ford, C., Oni, T., Agyemang, C., . . . Okosun, I. (2020). Culture Matters in Communicating the Global Response to COVID-19. 17(2000245). doi:10.5888/
  • Airhihenbuwa, C., Okoror, T., Shefer, T., Brown, D., Iwelunmor, J., Smith, E.,... Shisana, O. (2009). Stigma, Culture, and HIV and AIDS in the Western Cape, South Africa: An Application of the PEN-3 Cultural Model for Community-Based Research. J Black Psychol, 35(4), 407-432. doi:10.1177/0095798408329941
  • An, S., Schulz, P. J., & Kang, H. (2023). Perceived COVID-19 susceptibility and preventive behaviors: moderating effects of social support in Italy and South Korea. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 13. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14866-3
  • Anwar, A., Malik, M., Raees, V., & Anwar, A. (2020). Role of Mass Media and Public Health Communications in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus, 12(9), e10453. doi:10.7759/cureus.10453
  • Barakat, A. M., & Kasemy, Z. A. (2020). Preventive health behaviours during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic based on health belief model among Egyptians. Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, 27(1), 43. doi:10.1186/s43045-020-00051-y
  • Blackstone, S., Iwelunmor, J., Plange-Rhule, J., Gyamfi, J., Quakyi, N. K., Ntim, M.,... Ogedegbe, G. (2019). 'I believe high blood pressure can kill me:' using the PEN-3 Cultural Model to understand patients' perceptions of an intervention to control hypertension in Ghana. Ethn Health, 24(3), 257-270. doi:10.1080/13557858.2017.1346178
  • Cowdery, J. E., Parker, S., & Thompson, A. (2010). Application of the PEN-3 Model in a Diabetes Prevention. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 4(1), 26-41.
  • Delshad Noghabi, A., Yoshany, N., Mohammadzadeh, c., & Javanbakht, S. (2020). Predictors of Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors in Iranian Population over 15 Years Old: An Application of Health Belief Model. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 30(191), 13-21 [In Persian].
  • Duan, Y., Hu, C., Lin, Z., Liang, W., Shang, B., Baker, J. S.,... Wang, Y. (2022). Individual Preventive Behaviors of COVID-19 and Associated Psychological Factors Among Chinese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. Frontiers in psychology, 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827152
  • Dutta, M. J. (2021). Culture-centred approach to digital health communication: Sustaining health, addressing inequalities, transforming structures. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 13(2), 311-319. doi:10.1386/cjcs_00056_7
  • Erwin, D. O., Treviño, M., Saad-Harfouche, F. G., Rodriguez, E. M., Gage, E., & Jandorf, L. (2010). Contextualizing diversity and culture within cancer control interventions for Latinas: changing interventions, not cultures. Soc Sci Med, 71(4), 693-701. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.005
  • Fathian-Dastgerdi, Z., Khoshgoftar, M., Tavakoli, B., & Jaleh, M. (2021). Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among adolescents: Applying the health belief model. Res Social Adm Pharm, 17(10), 1786-1790. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.01.014
  • Finset, A., Bosworth, H., Butow, P., Gulbrandsen, P., Hulsman, R. L., Pieterse, A. H.,... van Weert, J. (2020). Effective health communication - a key factor in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient Educ Couns, 103(5), 873-876. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.03.027
  • Gautam, V., Dileepan, S., Rustagi, N., Mittal, A., Patel, M., Shafi, S.,... Raghav, P. (2021). Health literacy, preventive COVID 19 behaviour and adherence to chronic disease treatment during lockdown among patients registered at primary health facility in urban Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 15(1), 205-211. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.023
  • Ghalichi Zaveh, Z., Barzanouni, S., Akhlaghi Pirposhteh, E., Babaei Pouya, A., & Hami, M. (2022). Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors in the Lifestyle of the Iranian Society, One Year after the Pandemic. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 11(1), 10-22. doi:10.52547/johe.11.1.10
  • Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual review of public health, 31, 399-418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604
  • Hsing, J. C., Ma, J., Barrero-Castillero, A., Jani, S. G., Pulendran, U. P., Lin, B.,... Wang, C. J. (2021). Influence of Health Beliefs on Adherence to COVID-19 Preventative Practices: International, Social Media–Based Survey Study. J Med Internet Res, 23(2), e23720. doi:10.2196/23720
  • Huang, H. T., Tsai, C.-H., Wang, C. F., Chien, T. C., & Chang, S. H. (2023). Exploration of COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention Behaviors among HealthcareWorkers. Healthcare, 11(153). doi:doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020153
  • Iwelunmor, J., Newsome, V., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2014). Framing the impact of culture on health: a systematic review of the PEN-3 cultural model and its application in public health research and interventions. Ethn Health, 19(1), 20-46. doi:10.1080/13557858.2013.857768
  • Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Beevi, N., L, M., & Benny, P. V. (2021). Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: A Health Belief Model approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 41-46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009
  • Karimy, M., Bastami, F., Sharifat, R., Heydarabadi, A. B., Hatamzadeh, N., Pakpour, A. H.,... Araban, M. (2021). Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1934. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11983-3
  • Khazaee-Pool, M., Shahrvsand, S., & Naghibi, S. A. (2020). Predicting Covid-19 Preventive Behaviors Based on Health Belief Model: An Internet-Based Study in Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 30(190), 56-66 [In Persian].
  • McCullock, S. P., M. Hildenbrand, G., Schmitz, K. J., & Perrault, E. K. (2021). The state of health communication research: A content analysis of articles published in Journal of Health Communication and Health Communication (2010-2019). J Health Commun, 26(1), 28-38. doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1879320
  • Mehrabi, D. (2022). Application of health belief model to identify predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention. Koomesh journal, 24(1), 69-77 [In Persian].
  • Mirzaei, A., Kazembeigi, F., Kakaei, H., Jalilian, M., Mazloomi, S., & Nourmoradi, H. (2021). Application of health belief model to predict COVID-19-preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population. J Edu Health Promot, 10(69), 1-7. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_747_20
  • Morowatisharifabad, M. A., Karimi, M., & Jannati, M. (2014). Utility of the health belief model to assess predictors of rabies preventive measures. J Educ Health Promot, 3, 62. doi:10.4103/2277-9531.134770
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  • Okueso, S. A., Buraimo, O., Adeleye, A. O., & Adekoya, F. A. (2022). Socioeconomic Status as Predictors of Adherence to COVID-19 Protocols by Market Men and Women in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Behavior and Cimmunity Health (JSBCH), 6(2), 909-919.
  • Scarinci, I. C., Silveira, A. F., dos Santos, D. F., & Beech, B. M. (2007). Sociocultural factors associated with cigarette smoking among women in Brazilian worksites: a qualitative study. Health Promotion International, 22(2), 146-154. doi:10.1093/heapro/dam012
  • Shahabi, N., Mohseni, S., Dadipoor, S., Ezati rad, R., Sayadi, A., Kamalzadeh Takhti, H.,... Aghamolaei, t. (2023). Investigating the relationship between health literacy and Covid-19 preventive behaviors: A cross-sectional study in Hormozgan, Iran. Journal of Health Literacy, 7(4), 32-43. doi:10.22038/jhl.2022.65679.1299
  • Shahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B., Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M. S., & Charkazi, A. (2020). Assessing preventive health behaviors from COVID-19: a cross sectional study with health belief model in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 157. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00776-2
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  • Tadesse, T., Alemu, T., Amogne, G., Endazenaw, G., & Mamo, E. (2020). Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention Practices Using Health Belief Model Among Employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist, 13, 3751-3761. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S275933
  • Tanomand, A., Safari, H., Salavati, S., Soleimani, A., & Lati, A. (2023). Communication Styles, Care- Seeking and Preventive Behaviors in COVID-19 Patients in Northwest of Iran. J Health Sci Surveillance Sys, January (Supplement) 11(1), 179-185.
  • Uchibori, M., Ghaznavi, C., Murakami, M., Eguchi, A., Kunishima, H., Kaneko, S.,... Nomura, S. (2022). Preventive Behaviors and Information Sources during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19(14511). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19211451
  • Vasli, P., Shekarian-Asl, Z., Zarmehrparirouy, M., & Hosseini, M. (2022). The predictors of COVID-19 preventive health behaviors among adolescents: the role of health belief model and health literacy. J Public Health (Oxf). doi:10.1007/s10389-022-01808-x
  • Yagi, B. F., Luster, J. E., Scherer, A. M., Farron, M. R., Smith, J. E., & Tipirneni, R. (2022). Association of Health Insurance Literacy with Health Care Utilization: a Systematic Review. J Gen Intern Med, 37(2), 375-389. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06819-0
  • Yang, X., Wei, L., & Liu, Z. (2022). Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination Using the Health Belief Model: Does Information Acquisition from Divergent Sources Make a Difference? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3887.
  • Zareipour, M. A., Fattahi Ardakani, M., RezaeeMoradali, M., Jadgal, M. S., & Movahed, E. (2020). Determinants of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in the Elderly in Urmia: Application of Health Belief Model. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 8(T1), 646–650. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.5653
    • Society Culture Media
    Volume 12, Issue 48
    Autumn 2023
    Pages 247-268

    • Receive Date 10 June 2023
    • Revise Date 25 September 2023
    • Accept Date 02 October 2023