Investigating the power relations of social and political forces in the expansion of multi-purpose shopping centers in Tehran in the 2001 and 2011s

Document Type : researcher

Authors
Sorayya Rostami 1
Abbas Varij Kazemi 2
Mohammadsaleh Shokouhibidhendi 3
Mahnoosh Shahinrad 4
1 Department of Urban Planning, ST.C.,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate professor in Institute for Cultural and Social Studies, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture ,Kharazmi,Tehran Iran.
10.22034/scm.2025.530580.1897
Abstract
In the process of producing urban space, numerous actors and stakeholders with different access to power resources participate. Among the commercial spaces are Tehran's multi-purpose shopping centers, which have developed at a remarkable pace in recent decades. The thought-provoking way in which these spaces are produced by political and social forces has not been unaffected by the type of relationship and power relations they have. Therefore, this research seeks to identify influential political and social forces as well as the mechanisms underlying their intervention and agency in the development of Tehran's multi-purpose shopping centers. For this purpose, data obtained from field surveys and library studies, as well as urban management documents, especially municipal approvals, government laws, and development plans, have been interpreted through a qualitative method based on a case study strategy. The results of the analysis show that the power relations between political and social forces are focused on the degree of power of each in the agency of these spaces. Thus, the development of commercial spaces in the early eighties, due to the agency of social forces on shopping centers, led to the production of private commercial space, and in the middle of the decade, due to the collective agency of the aforementioned forces on these centers, to the production of participatory commercial space, and gradually from the nineties onwards, due to the agency of political forces on these centers, it has been directed to the production of sovereign commercial space.

Keywords

Subjects

 
ابرقویی فرد، حمیده؛ منصوری، سید امیر؛ مطلبی، قاسم.(1401). «مروری روایی بر نظریه‌های مرتبط با مفهوم فضای عمومی در شهر». باغ نظر،19(116)، 85-102.
احمدی، حمید؛ ستاری، سجاد.(1392). «اقتصاد سیاسی توسعه نیافتگی خصوصی سازی در ایران: رویکردهای موجود، رهیافت جدید»، فصلنامه سیاست، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 43، شماره 2، صفحات 68-49.
امینی فر، ح. (1397، 17 مرداد). محمد سالاری رئیس کمیسیون معماری و شهرسازی شورای شهر تهران در گفت و گو با «ایران»:: شهرداری از تخلف مال ها درآمدزایی می کرد، روزنامه ایران. شماره 6847
خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی، 26/4/1392
خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی، 7/11/1401
روزنامه ایران، 10/5/1384 و 22/7/1383.
روزنامه شبکه شرق 18/2/1400
روزنامه فرهیختگان، شماره 2842 ،28/5/1398
روزنامه فرهیختگان،28/5/1398، شماره 2565- کارنامه ‌مردود‌ چهار دولت ‌در‌ خصوصی‌سازی.
زمانی، رضا.(1396). «سیکل های اقتصاد سیاسی ایران از انقلاب مشروطه تا اوایل دهه 1390»، فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد، سال بیست و چهارم، شماره 91.
سامانه مصوبات شورای اسلامی شهر، 1401
سایت خبری تحلیلی فرارو نقل قول از هفته نامه تماشاگران،1/02/1393- کد خبر: 187263.
شبکه شرق، 18 اردیبهشت 1400، روایت کلاب‌هاوسی ‌ حناچی از سرانجام پرونده‌های فساد- فروش زمین‌های تهران به قیمت یک متر فاستون. https://www.sharghdaily.com/.
فصلنامه تازه های اقتصاد، زمستان 93 و بهار94، شماره 144.
فوکو، م. (1389). سوژه و قدرت در تئاتر فلسفه: گزیده ای از درسگفتارها، کوتاه نوشت ها،گفتگوها و...، ترجمه نیکو سرخوش و افشین جهاندیده، تهران: نشر نی.
قهرمان پور، ر. (1392). ساختار قدرت و توسعه سیاسی در ایران.
کاظمی، عباس.(1395). «نسل آرمان های کوچک»، بخش اقتصاد هفته نامه تجارت فردا.
کاظمی، عباس؛ امیرابراهیمی، مسرت.(1400). مگامال ها و مجتمع های بزرگ تجاری در تهران. مرکز مطالعات و برنامه ریزی شهر تهران.
کدی، نیکی.(1393). نتایج انقلاب ایران. ترجمه: مهدی حقیقت خواه، انتشارات ققنوس، چاپ پنجم.
لوفور، هانری.(۱۳۹۳). فضا: فراورده اجتماعی و ارزش مصرفی، درآمدی بر تولید فضای هانری لوفور. ترجمه: آیدین ترکمه، نشر تیسا.
مرکز آمار ایران، 1400و1401 . اطلاعات پروانه های ساختمانی صادر شده توسط شهرداری های کشور. صص 19-22
موثقی، سید احمد. (1385). «اقتصاد سیاسی ایران در دوره جمهوری اسلامی». مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، شماره 71، بهار 85.
هابرماس، یورگن .(1394). نظریه کنش ارتباطی، ترجمه کمال پوالدی، تهران: نشر مرکز.
هیلیر. ج.(1388). سایه های قدرت(حکایت دور اندیشی در برنامه ریزی کاربری اراضی)، ترجمه کمال پولادی، ناشر: جامعه مهندسان مشاور ایران.
Abarghouei Fard, Hamideh; Mansouri, Seyed Amir; Motalebi, Ghasem.(2023). A Critical Review of the Criteria for the Formation of Efficient Public Space, Bagh-e Nazar, 20(121), 41-62/ July. 2023. https://doi: 10.22034/BAGH.2023.382820.5325. [In Persian].
Afegbua, S.I., & Adejuwon, K.D. (2012). The Challenges of Leadership and Governance in Africa. Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci., 2, 141.
Ahmad, Hamid; Satari, Sajjad. (2013). The Political Economy of Non-development of Privatization in Iran: current Directions New Approach.Politics Quarterly, , Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 49-68.https://doi:  10.22059/jpq.2013.35656. [In Persian].
Amini Far, H. (2018, August 8). Mohammad Salari, Chairman of the Architecture and Urban Planning Commission of Tehran City Council, in an interview with "Iran": The Municipality was generating revenue from property violations. Iran Newspaper, No. 6847. [In Persian].
Carmona, M. (2010). Contemporary public space, part two, classification. Journal of urban Design, 15(2),157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574801003638111
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin,L., & Stone, A. (1992). Public space. Cabbridge: Cambridge University press.
Farhikhtegan Daily Newspaper,No:2842, 19/08/2019.
Farhikhtegan Daily Newspaper,No:2565, The failed record of four governments in privatization. [In Persian].
Foucault, M. (2010). Subject and Power in the Theatre of Philosophy: Selections from Lectures, Short Writings, Conversations, etc. Translated by Niko Serkhush and Afshin Jahandideh. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. [In Persian].
Ghahramanpour, R. (2013). Power Structure and Political Development in Iran. Basirat Analytical News Agency. [In Persian].
Giddens, A. (2009) . Climate change . Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, J. (2003). Truth and Justification, translated by Barbara Fultner, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Habermas, yurgen. (1994) the philosophical discourse of modernity, polity press.
Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City. New Left Review, 53, 23 –40. Harvey, D. (1990). Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold.
Hatuka, T. (2020). Alternating narratives, The dynamic between public space, protests, and meanings. In V. Mehta, & D.Palazzo, (Eds), Companion to publiv space. London: Routledge.
Hatuka, T. (2022). Public space and public rituals, Engagement and Protest in digital age. Urban Studies, 00420980221089770.
https://laws.tehran.ir
https://fararu.com. News code: 187263.
https://www.sharghdaily.com
Hutchison, R. (2010).Encyclopedia of urban studies. SAGE Publications.
Iran Daily Newspaper, 01/08/2005, 13/10/2004
Keddie, N. R. (2014). The Results of the Iranian Revolution. Translated by Mahdi Haqiqatkhah. Qaghnoos Publications. Edition:7. [In Persian].
Kazemi, Abbas;& Amir-Ebrahimi, Masrat .(2023). Megamalls and Large Shopping Complexe in Tehran. Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center. . [In Persian].
Kohn, M. (2004). Brave New Neighborhoods,The Privatization of Public Space. NewYork: Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (2000). The right to the city. New York Rizzoli: Architecture Culture.
Lefebvre, H. (2014). Space: Social Product and Use Value, Introduction to the Production of Space by Henri Lefebvre. Translated by Aydin Torkmeh. Tisa Publishing. [In Persian].
Low, S. (2016). Spatializing culture, The ethnography of space and place. Taylor & Francis..
Madanipour, A. (2003). Public and Private Spaces of the City. London:Routledge.
Mitchell, D. (1996). Introduction, Public space and the city.Urban Geography, 17(2), 131-127. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.17.2.127.
Mitchell, D. (2017). People s’ park again, in the end and ends of the public space. Environment and planning A, economy and space, 49(3), 503-518. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15611557.
Mitchell, D.(2006). Geographies OF identity the new exceptionalism Progress in human Geography. 30(1), 95-106.
Moasaqi, Seyed Ahmad .(2006). Political Economy of Iran in the Islamic Republic Period, Law and Political Science, Issue 71, Spring 2006. . [In Persian].
Shargh newspaper, 08/05/2021
 The Islamic Republic News Agency(IRNA), 17/07/2013.
The Islamic Republic News Agency(IRNA), 27/01/2023
Udessa, F., Dagnachew, A., & Liku, W. (2023). Challenges to the Practice of Good Governance in Urban Land Use Planning: The Case of Two Selected Ethiopian Towns. Sustainability, 15(9), 7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097248
Van Deusen, R.(2002). Public space design as class warfare, Urban Design, theright to the city and the production of Clinton Square. Syracuse, NY. Geojournal, 58(2-3), 149-158.
Weber, M.(2010). The Distribution of Power within the community: Classes,Stande, Parties, Translated  by Dagmar Waters, Tony Waters, Elisabeth Hahnke, Maren Lippke.
Zamani, Reza.(2017). Iran's Political Economy Cycles since Constitutional Revolution 1907-2012. Journal: Majlis & Rahbord Year:2017 | Volume:24 | Issue:91 Page(s): 5-34. [In Persian]
 
Society Culture Media
Volume 14, Issue 56
Autumn 2025
Pages 175-208

  • Receive Date 16 June 2025
  • Revise Date 22 September 2025
  • Accept Date 19 October 2025