https://www.jscm.ir/ Society Culture Media en daily 1 Sat, 06 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 06 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.jscm.ir/article_127836.html The development of communication technologies has brought about serious changes in science and technology communications, as in other fields. In the following article, the Twitter page of the leading American universities of technology, including MIT, Berkeley, and Stanford, has been selected and, using Topic modeling data mining, has been followed to find Topic patterns in science and technology communications at these universities. Modeling topics for nearly ten thousand tweets, various categories including education, Covid 19, technology and engineering, honors, research, politics, student life, sports and entertainment, online events, culture and art, entrepreneurship, Environment, research and development and social. There is a positive correlation between likes and topics of honors, research and education. The opposite is true for the words of the political topics. Regression calculations by negative binomial distribution also indicate that topics such as honors and achievements and sports and recreation are more likely to be liked and retweeted, while political issues are deterrent to likes. The results of topic modeling show that the main focus is on the content presented by the student and the prevailing atmosphere and there is a significant distance from the management and news about it. https://www.jscm.ir/article_231090.html Social participation is defined as a conscious, voluntary, and purposeful process, meaning the active and influential presence of individuals and institutions in the sphere of collective life. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the participation strategies of public and social organizations in disaster management resulting from natural hazards over the past three decades. The method of this study is the qualitative content analysis of texts and previous research in this field.Despite the existence of numerous studies in the field of disaster management and social institutions, a clear research gap is felt in the systematic literature on the subject and the presentation of a comprehensive strategic model. The research findings indicate the extraction of fourteen main themes, which were categorized into three phases of disaster management:In the pre-crisis phase: Creating spiritual values, cultural education, theoretical participation, practical participation, and the development of social and cultural capital.In the during-crisis phase: Establishing effective communications, providing social work and rehabilitation services, mobilizing social participation, identifying demographic variables, supplying human resources, and ensuring security and basic needs.In the post-crisis phase: Documentation and collection of collective memories, utilizing mass media and social networks, and reconstructing social identity.The findings show that social organizations, focusing on these strategies, can play a vital role in enhancing community resilience and the effective management of all stages of a crisis. https://www.jscm.ir/article_140298.html Most of Pierre Bourdieu’s work describes struggles over symbolic capital and hierarchies among the economic and cultural elite. However, his theories and concepts are not exclusive to studies of those with power. By using Bourdieu’s conceptualizations of social space, capital and habitus, the article discusses the hierarchies and struggles over symbolic capital at the bottom of societies. The analysis is grounded in interviews and fieldwork with ethnic minority youths on the streets of Oslo, Norway. Analysing the violence among the young men, the article argues that marginalized ethnic minorities and certain groups of refugees use particular strategies in order to accumulate symbolic capital. They have embodied experiences that can be transformed into forms of ‘street capital’ favourable in a violent street culture. Working empirically with the concept of street capital can include insights from the economic structural determinist argument of Wacquant as well as the more cultural and voluntaristic approaches of Newman, Anderson and Duneier. Such a framework may even be seen as a compromise in an otherwise heated and politicized debate. https://www.jscm.ir/article_237858.html Social media platforms have increasingly become news sources. Due to the fact that people expose stories and narratives and various topics about people and media, including fake news, they are different from traditional media. In this research, in order to identify the components and design the behavioral model of users in social networks in dealing with fake news, the foundation's data theorizing was used, which after interviewing the experts, the six dimensions of the model including causal conditions, background conditions-inclusion conditions infrastructural and superstructure), intervening conditions, main phenomenon, strategies and consequences along with propositions corresponding to them were formulated.Also, to check the validity of the research results and its reliability, the reliability test between the coders was used for the conducted interviews, and the value obtained is equal to 82%, and it states that the reliability of the codings is confirmed, and it can be claimed that the validity of the interview analysis The current one is suitable. https://www.jscm.ir/article_140301.html the use of existing theories cannot help the researcher much in answering the research question in some humanities research. In this case the method of Grounded theory, also known as "field theory","Basic Theory", "Fundamental Data Theory" and "Grounded Theory" can be used Which is one of the important qualitative methods that has received a lot of attention in the academic community in recent years.Grounded theory has several versions, one of which is the systematic approach (the Strauss version). In this article, after explaining the theory of the theory and the reasons behind this approach, the systematic approach and its various stages such as "data collection", "theoretical sensitivity", "theoretical sampling", "theoretical saturation" and "coding" It has been explained, The stages that lead to the emergence of the theory of research problem, the theory that is not universal, macro and general, but rather small, limited and focused on the particular problem and situation based on the research field data. https://www.jscm.ir/article_235619.html Media literacy is recognized as one of the vital skills for living in contemporary society. This concept refers to the ability of individuals to analyze, evaluate, and create media content and directly affects social relationships and individual emotions. In this text, we will examine the relationship between media literacy and a sense of social belonging and its role in increasing civic participation.This survey research was conducted through convenience sampling method among 340 young people aged 18-29 in Isfahan. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and Amos23 software.Media literacy has achieved an average score among the selected subjects, with higher scores in the following areas: identifying social influences, using media, producing content, analyzing content, and evaluating.The sense of social belonging, including the average score and its dimensions, was: social support, social interactions, and sense of group identity. The civic participation score was also average. Also, the relationship between the media literacy variable and the sense of social belonging and increased civic participation was significant. In examining the contextual variables, no relationship was found between age and media literacy, nor was there a mean difference in terms of gender, level of education, and marital status with media literacy. Also, in the structural equation model study, the effect of media literacy on civic participation and sense of social belonging was found to be significant. https://www.jscm.ir/article_163293.html Cardiovascular diseases are, based on the WHO, the number one cause of the death across the world. The Cardiovascular disease concept usually refers to the heart attack, but it includes other heart disease such as coronary arteries disease, heart failure, Stroke, Cardiac arrhythmia and Cardiomyopathy. From other hand, today media address health issues more than before and media are of determining factors on how health and disease are sensed. However, this media coverage is not neutral and impartial. Among mass media, Television as the most widespread producing and distributing media address health issues in various frameworks. Medical drama is one of these frameworks. Therefore, in this research, the way cardiovascular disease is represented is addressed. In doing so, semiology and discourse analysis are used as methodology, and 8 scenes from three medical dramas, including “all saints’, “casualty”, and “nurses”, are analyzed. The findings suggest that the vascular diseases are usually showed as a separate problem which don’t affect the whole body. Cardiovascular disease is in a certain part of the body and any method therapy rarely leads to the appearance change of the diseased and can be prevented though a healthy lifestyle. https://www.jscm.ir/article_239658.html Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of emotional maturity and family emotional atmosphere in media consumption mediated by peer group. The research method was descriptive-correlation (structural equation modeling). The study population included all girl high school students in Yazd (16166 students). The sample size was 1152 students who were selected by clustered sampling. The research instruments included these questionnaires: emotional maturity , family emotional atmosphere , media consumption and relationships with peers. Data were analyzed in the form of structural equation modeling, using SPSS and AMOS software`s. Findings showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between emotional maturity and media consumption, but there is a significant and positive relationship between family emotional atmosphere and media consumption. There is a significant and positive relationship between emotional maturity and peer group relation, as well as, there is a significant and positive relationship between family emotional atmosphere and peer group relation. Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between the peer group relation and media consumption. In addition, the peer group relation positively mediated the relationship between emotional maturity and media consumption. The peer group relation also acted as a mediating variable in the relationship between family emotional atmosphere and media consumption positively. As conclusion, based on these findings, it is suggested that in secondary education, more attention should be paid to teaching media consumption skills, holding specialized workshops on family with the topics of family emotional atmosphere, emotional maturity and children's relationship with peers. https://www.jscm.ir/article_191249.html The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social media on sexual literacy of Tehrani women. The use of social media for women in the field of sexual health is more than other media due to the anonymity of the user, potentially sensitive and labeling issues. This research was done by survey method and using questionnaire technique. The sample size was 400 women referring to the municipal health centers, who were selected using the random sampling method according to the sample size. The results of the research showed that today social media has become the most important source of information and knowledge for managing the sexual health of Tehrani women and there is a significant relationship between their digital literacy and sexual literacy. People who used social media to share and use health information had higher quality of sexual health than people who did not use health information on social media platforms. . https://www.jscm.ir/article_234331.html This study explores the causal mechanisms shaping the inclination of female adolescents in Tehran toward Korean pop music (K-pop). Employing a qualitative grounded theory approach (systematic design), the research engaged 17 purposively selected high school students who were actively involved in K-pop fandom. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via open, axial, and selective coding. Findings highlight three interrelated causal dimensions. The first is cultural–aesthetic capital, reflected in the high production value of performances, the integration of music, dance, and visual spectacle, as well as ritualized order and performers’ enthusiasm, which together create a transnational aesthetic experience. The second dimension is commodification and the fandom economy, wherein symbolic goods and fan merchandise—such as light sticks, dolls, and branded everyday items—embed adolescents’ engagement within an economic–emotional cycle, reinforcing their collective identity. The third is cultural distinction and generational taste gap, whereby distancing from domestic music and asserting independence from parental preferences enables adolescents to construct and legitimize an autonomous cultural identity. Collectively, these dynamics reveal how K-pop consumption transcends mere entertainment to become a cultural and identity-making practice.The study underscores the explanatory value of Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, Adorno and Horkheimer’s theory of the culture industry, and sociological approaches to taste in understanding global youth fandom. It also offers practical implications: instead of restrictive measures, Cultural policy in Iran should harness global cultural flows' aesthetic and economic potential, enhance domestic production quality, and bridge generational gaps through intergenerational dialogue and locally relevant cultural products tailored to adolescents' experiences. https://www.jscm.ir/article_191539.html Introduction: The aim of the present study is to meta-analyze the research conducted in the field of social determinants of virtual addiction, in order to estimate the effect size of social factors effective on virtual addiction.Method: The statistical population of the research was made up of all the researches conducted until the end of fall 2011 in the field of the subject under study. Through targeted sampling, 15 studies that had suitable characteristics to enter the meta-analysis were selected. In order to analyze the data, the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA) was used, and due to the heterogeneity between the studies, the random effects model was used to combine the results and reach the effect size.Or Fateha: The estimated effect size is 412.0, which is within the confidence range at a moderate to high level based on Cohen's interpretation system.The effect of individual social factors showed that "social trust", "lifestyle", "social support" and "social and family relations" had the greatest effect on virtual addiction.Discussion: Considering the widespread use of virtual space and social networks and in order to reduce the negative aspects of dependence on it, it is necessary to pay attention to social factors related to it. https://www.jscm.ir/article_237855.html Artistic adaptation of literary works is an important area of contemporary comparative literature that adopts an interdisciplinary approach to examine the relationship between literature and other arts, including animation. In this framework, adaptations are evaluated in relation to the structure and content of their source texts. The adaptation of folktales, drawing on the expressive capacities of animation and the narrative appeal of ancient storytelling traditions, enables new interpretations and visual re-narrations of classical texts and serves as an effective means of cultural production in modern societies.Grounded in comparative literature and Linda Hutcheon’s theory of adaptation, this article proposes a practical model for adapting Iranian folktales into animation. The study employs a documentary method and a descriptive-analytical approach. As a case study, the scene outline of the animated screenplay Raz-e Gol-e Almas, a free adaptation of the folktale Agha Hasanok, is analyzed using the three-act structure of animated screenwriting.Using a systematic comparative method and comparative tables, the dramatic elements, key scenes, and motifs of the adapted screenplay are examined alongside the source folktale to identify structural, semantic, and ideological transformations. These changes are interpreted within Hutcheon’s framework of product, process, and reception, while also considering animation-specific media features such as design, movement, color, and music, as well as contemporary ideological concerns.Based on the findings, the article presents a step-by-step model for adapting Iranian folktales into animation, emphasizing textual analysis, identification of dramatic capacities, and alignment with the expressive requirements of the animated medium. https://www.jscm.ir/article_191540.html In contemporary societies, the visual matter plays a key role in the cultural construction of social life. Despite this, the images are not neutral in the representation of reality, and they usually present a kind of narrative from external realities according to the discourses in which they are placed. The main question of the current article is, what is the visual narrative of the life of the Queen of England on the Persian BBC website? To answer the main question of the research, the method of discourse analysis proposed by Jillian Rose has been used. Based on the results of the research, in the discourse articulation of the visual narrative of the life of the Queen of England on the BBC network, the main point is emphasized that the institution of monarchy in England is a ceremonial institution and has a minimum of power. In order to instill this main theme, several central categories have been used, which include the display of the queen's daily life, the queen's clothing, the fringes of the royal family, the queen's popularity among the general public, the queen as a symbol of the nation and the government of England, and a queen who loved the media. https://www.jscm.ir/article_229932.html The present study aimed to design and validate a digital content marketing model for cultural products in the field of Iranian books. This research was of an applied-developmental type and was conducted with a cross-sectional survey approach. The qualitative community of participants included professors, practitioners, specialists, managers, and experts in the field of digital marketing and cultural products of the country (books). 15 of them participated in this research using theoretical sampling and after reaching theoretical saturation. In the quantitative part, the statistical community was customers of websites selling cultural products in the field of books, and 382 questionnaires were collected from them in a cluster-random manner. For data analysis in the qualitative part, the grounded theory analysis method was used, and in the quantitative part, the partial least squares method was used. The research findings showed that causal conditions (facilitating interaction and customer journey, optimizing ranking in search engines, needs assessment and accurate recognition of audiences, and market recognition and its segmentation) are influential on the central phenomenon of "why content marketing of cultural products." The central phenomenon, the contextual conditions (processes, organizational structure and performance evaluation mechanism, content delivery format, required resources and facilities, information technology infrastructure, required laws and licenses, cultural and social conditions of the country) and the intervening conditions influence strategies and actions. Ultimately, content marketing strategies lead to improved performance and quality of service delivery, improved branding, improved audience interaction and conversion rates, improved distribution channels and market expansion. https://www.jscm.ir/article_230383.html This study aims to design a “localized model of development-oriented tourism television” in Iran, employing the grounded theory approach within the paradigmatic framework of Strauss and Corbin. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in media, tourism, and culture, and analyzed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings indicate that achieving the developmental function of tourism television requires five interrelated pillars: (1) culturally localized policy-making based on spatial planning; (2) enhancement of media literacy and training at both intercultural and development-oriented levels; (3) authentic representation of ethnic–linguistic diversity and multi-voiced local narratives; (4) local participation and ownership in content production and dissemination, with direct linkage to the destination’s economy; and (5) synergy between traditional and digital media accompanied by a hybrid revenue model to ensure financial sustainability. These pillars were mapped within the paradigmatic model, encompassing causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. The results reveal that the proposed model aligns with existing literature on destination image, content tourism, and cultural marketing, while adding components of localization, identity-oriented micro-narratives, and cultural justice indicators. This integrated framework offers practical applicability for media and tourism policy-making in Iran. The model can simultaneously enhance Iran’s destination image at national and international levels, foster sustainable development in less-developed regions, stimulate local economic growth, and strengthen cultural diplomacy.  https://www.jscm.ir/article_230618.html The aim of this study is to examine the role of sports media advertising in the impact of brand equity dimensions (functional, social, emotional, innovation, and relational) on purchase intention and continuance through customer shopping delight in the context of fan culture. This research is descriptive-survey in terms of method and applied in terms of its purpose. The statistical population consists of customers of the Majid sports equipment brand in Tehran province, selected due to the use of this brand by Premier League clubs. Using the accessible sampling method and Cochran’s formula, 384 individuals were selected as the sample size. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling in Amos software.The results showed that sports media advertising has a significant impact on customers' perception of brand equity, increasing their purchase intention and continuance. Furthermore, it was revealed that media and sports advertising not only strengthen the relationship between the brand and sports fans but also contribute to enhancing the position of sports brands by influencing customer shopping delight. The findings suggest that sports brands, including Majid, can improve their position in the competitive market by optimizing their use of digital media and social networks, fostering more effective communication with their audience https://www.jscm.ir/article_211491.html In interaction and confrontation with others, humans satisfy their needs and get by. The effects of these mutual actions and their role are to such an extent that removing them makes life impossible. But in the meantime, social scientists with a curious attitude in societies have identified these actions and have realized a set of factors that threaten this type of actions and goals and have negative effects on human relations, which is one of the most important The influential factors in this field are social networks. This research was organized with the aim of investigating the relationship between the use of virtual space and human relations among students of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz branch. In this research, the survey method was used and the statistical population of this research is all the students of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz branch, which was distributed among 378 students through a simple random sampling method and cluster using a researcher-made questionnaire. For statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient test, independent one-sample test, one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis method were used. The results of this research show that the value of R square is equal to a 612.00 and in fact 612.00% of the variance of the human relations of the students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz branch has been explained. https://www.jscm.ir/article_234645.html The aim of this study is to identify the dimensions of the cultural capacity-building model with an emphasis on social aspects in the implementation of public policies within the Social Security Organization, using thematic analysis. This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, being both developmental-applied in terms of purpose and survey-based in terms of nature and style. Data collection methods include a combination of library and field studies, with tools such as document reviews, interviews with experts, and questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed with an acceptable percentage. The research sample comprises 17 university professors, public policy experts, capacity-building specialists, and senior managers of the Social Security Organization. Purposeful sampling was used, and NVIVO version 11 software was employed for coding and analysis of interview data.The results obtained from the open coding of qualitative data led to the extraction of 85 initial codes, 26 basic themes, and 9 organizing themes, which are as follows: "Approval of convergent and cohesive policies centered on organizational culture," "Political independence of the organization within a participatory culture framework," "Establishing social justice based on equality and transparency culture," "Smart social security in line with digital culture development," "Attention to environmental changes and cultural adaptation of the organization," "Reforming the culture of social security," "Belief in cultural transformation and innovation," "Networking within the organization centered on interaction and cooperation culture," and "Establishing a monitoring and feedback system based on organizational learning culture." https://www.jscm.ir/article_216318.html This research is based on the purpose of studing the effects of virtual space on women university students of dorms in Isfahan University. The method is descriptive survey and questionnaire is the instruments of collecting data. For reliability measurement Cronbach's Alpha coenfficient was used. Sampling of research is included 384 women student which were staying in the dorm of Isfahan University, which were chosen by Quoto Sampling. The Analysis of the research was done by SPSS 24 software. The result show that there is a significant relation between the amount of using visual space and social interactions. But there is an inverted relation between the amount of using virsual space, age and education level. In addition, the data show that the most range of using visual space related to chating and online discussions and searching for science and educational materials respectively. It could be resulted that because younger generations mainly have been grown by visual space, they feel more closely to the values that are related to the today age. https://www.jscm.ir/article_216979.html AbstractThis empirical investigation addresses four paradigmatically framed research questions to illuminate the epistemological status ofthe field of health communication, systematically addressing the limitations of existing disciplinary introspections. A content analysisof published health communication research indicated that the millennium marked a new stage of health communicationresearch with a visible shift onto macro-level communication of health information among nonhealth professionals. The analysisalso revealed the emergence of a paradigm around this particular topic area, with its contributing scholars predominantly sharingpostpositivistic thought traditions and cross-sectional survey-analytic methodologies. More interdisciplinary collaborations andmeta-theoretical assessments are needed to facilitate a continued growth of this evolving paradigm, which may advance health communicationscholars in their search for a disciplinary identity.Recent studies report a vast proliferation of health communicationresearch since the inauguration of its first flagship journalHealth Communication in 1989.However, the field is perceived asfragmented in several aspects. For example, its work is oftenviewed as lacking a unifying frame. https://www.jscm.ir/article_218791.html The present research seeks to study the sociological lifestyle of young women in Tehran, and an attempt was made to analyze the social factors affecting the postmodern lifestyle of this group of women. The methodological approach of this research is quantitative and survey type, data collection techniques are set using a questionnaire derived from the theoretical model of Grand Theory, and the sample size was 320 young women in Tehran, who were selected through convenience sampling. SPSS version 27 software was used to analyze the data, and the data were described and analyzed, and finally the research hypotheses were tested. The findings of the present study and the obtained correlation coefficients indicate a strong correlation between the independent variables (the level of extreme differentiation (0.714), the level of consumption fluidity (0.618), the level of inclination to blogging (0.639), the level of virtual hedonism (0.678), the level of female equality (0.689), the level of feminine agency (0.694), the level of fluid identity (0.653), the level of extreme individualism (0.712), the level of body management (0.742), the level of fluidity of needs (0.678)) and the dependent variable (postmodern lifestyle). Also, the regression analysis performed shows that each of the predictor variables has been able to predict changes in the criterion variable (postmodern lifestyle) in its own way https://www.jscm.ir/article_221924.html The importance of adopting Iranian folk legends for the production of national animation is often neglected because the researchers focus on poetic literature, especially “Shahnameh”. However, Iranian folk tales have many potentials, including narrating, and turning it into an animation script through adoption. This article aims to study another aspect of the capacity of this literary genre for the production of animation by focusing on the hero's nature in Iranian legends, and specifically by analyzing the myth of "Samake Ayyar". The question is, what are the characteristics of the hero characters in the legend of “Samake Ayyar” to design the hero character in Iranian animation? The theoretical concepts are derived from mythological and narratological studies, because the heroes in hero animations are designed based on characteristics that have mythological aspects, and the narration of their stories and the characterization of the hero are also formed in the framework of fascinating narratives. This research is qualitative, and the selected legend "Samake Ayyar" was selected purposefully. In this legend, 3 journey cycles focusing on a hero character were identified based on the model of "Campbell's Hero's Journey" and "Propp's Narrative Model" and based on these models, the story narrative and the hero's character were analyzed. The results showed the adaptation of the hero's journey cycles and story characters in the legend with selected theoretical models. They showed that it is possible to design the character of the Iranian hero with the inspiration of Persian folk legends. https://www.jscm.ir/article_222602.html The present study seeks to study the identity of young people in Tehran, and an attempt was made to analyze the understanding and interpretation of these young people of fluid identity in the form of interpretive methodology and grounded theory. The methodological approach of this research is qualitative and grounded theory, the data collection techniques are in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and the sample size was 24 young people who were purposefully selected until theoretical saturation was reached. The theoretical coding method was used for data mining, which aims to achieve main and subcategories in order to set up a theoretical model. The results of the study show that the central phenomenon of fluid identity is (floating) which is based on causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, and strategies. According to the findings of the present study, the seven main categories of fluidity of consumption, fluidity of needs, fluidity of individualism, fluidity of virtual hedonism, fluidity of body management, fluidity of blogging, and fluidity of relationships complement the chain of the paradigmatic model of the research. The main implication of the findings of this study is that young people in Tehran have a new understanding and interpretation of lifestyle in such a way that they are drawn towards a fluid (floating) identity. https://www.jscm.ir/article_222977.html The current study aimed to identify and present a model of authentic leadership competencies for managers, with a particular emphasis on their communication aspects. Authentic leadership, as an emerging leadership style, is based on the model proposed by Walumbwa et al. (2008) and encompasses four key components: self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced information processing, and an internalized ethical perspective. These components are rooted in humanism and form the conceptual framework of this study. This research was conducted using the meta-synthesis method and the seven-step approach outlined by Sandelowski and Barroso. Among the 2,659 identified articles, 24 documents published between 2010 and 2024 were selected for examination using a content analysis strategy. The findings indicate that the communication aspects of managers' authentic leadership competencies can be categorized into five areas: Self-awareness (including critical reflection, awareness of opportunities and limitations, and self-actualization), Balanced processing (encompassing expectation, active listening, and prioritizing organizational benefits over personal interests), Relationship transparency (focusing on honesty and effective communication), Internalized moral perspective (adhering to personal values and a moral compass), and Creating a positive work environment (which involves enhancing employee satisfaction and qualitative development, attention to employee needs, and balanced psychological traits). These competencies empower managers to effectively promote the organization's image and achieve its goals by building trust, maintaining positive relationships, and providing accurate and transparent information. The results of this study can serve as a guide for developing training programs and evaluating the performance of managers, particularly those in public relations. https://www.jscm.ir/article_224919.html The objective of this study is to design an innovative model for financing skill-based training in underprivileged regions of Iran, utilizing the investment potential of pension funds and encouraging private sector participation. To this end, a qualitative-analytical research methodology was employed, involving semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 subject-matter experts and thematic analysis of the data using MAXQDA software. The resulting conceptual model is based on Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) within the framework of Public–Private Partnership (PPP), with a focus on the long-term investment role of pension funds. The findings indicate that the proposed model ensures sustainable financial returns (ranging from 12% to 17%) and yields a Social Return on Investment (SROI) of approximately 3.65:1. It also contributes to reducing unemployment, fostering regional development, and enhancing the social responsibility of financial institutions. In this model, the government assumes the role of regulator and minimum-return guarantor, with disbursements contingent upon the achievement of key performance indicators (KPIs) such as employment rate and job sustainability. The results highlight the model's effectiveness under varying economic conditions and emphasize the necessity of establishing legal mechanisms and independent evaluation systems for its successful implementation. As a contextualized and policy-receptive framework, the model holds practical applicability for social policymaking and responsible investment strategies. https://www.jscm.ir/article_225340.html Informal employment of women, as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, originates from structural and individual deficiencies that, through various mechanisms, push women toward the informal labor market. This study, focusing on the concept of "formalization empowerment," aims to explore the challenges and strategies for informal women workers to exit the cycle of inequality and improve their social status. Using a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 32 informal women workers and 14 experts in Tehran province, the findings reveal that women face four main deficiencies—psychological, social, economic, and legal—that result in systematic exploitation and the persistence of their marginalization. These challenges include lack of self-esteem and confidence (psychological), limited access to financial resources and market-oriented skills (economic), insufficient social support and self-help networks (social), and unawareness of labor rights (legal). The "formalization empowerment" model is introduced as a key strategy to enhance the status of informal women workers by strengthening these dimensions. This model emphasizes awareness-raising, micro-networking, economic empowerment, and legal support, facilitating the transition from informal to formal employment. The study concludes that effective implementation of this strategy requires collaboration among policymakers, social workers, and non-governmental organizations to reduce gender inequalities and improve working conditions for women through integrated programs. https://www.jscm.ir/article_225709.html One of the fundamental issues in today's world, despite numerous changes, is the importance of media consumption for all segments of society, especially children. In the issue of media consumption style of late children, the way parents raise and interact with them can be pivotal. In this study, parents of a group of children aged 9 to 12 were interviewed to describe various aspects of their own media consumption and their interactions with their children regarding media consumption. Data collection was done through focused interviews and semi-structured interviews, and then the data was analyzed through the content analysis method. In this study, it was clarified that the parents' own attitude towards the media and of course the nature of the parenting issue itself, affects on the interactions of parents and their children about media consumption. On the other hand, the attitudes and guidance of parents who are aware of media productions are more popular with this age group (children). The findings also showed that among all the specific parenting styles, the authoritative parenting style is more successful in guiding children regarding media consumption. By this parenting style. The parents while preventing their children from confusion in media and cultural consumption, they also indirectly play a more effective role in gaining children's support and acceptance in more general decision-making beyond media and cultural consumption. https://www.jscm.ir/article_225903.html World Bank studies indicate that to enhance the quality and quantity of employment, it is necessary to design a clear framework for labor market policy-making, with active labor market policies being one of the main pillars of this framework. Evaluating the performance of these policies in many countries shows that for better implementation, it is essential to first identify target groups and recognize the challenges they face. Additionally, attention to cost-effectiveness, continuity and sequence of programs, interchangeability between programs, flexibility, implementation in times of economic crisis, collaboration and dialogue among social groups (labor unions and the private sector), and the establishment of technical and financial infrastructures are key influential factors. An analysis of the implementation of active labor market policies in Iran also reveals that not only are these policies not prioritized in government action plans, but also in the years when these policies have received mention, the lack of technical and financial infrastructures, absence of supporting documents and scientific evidence, disregard for collective participation and the input of all stakeholders, and lack of flexibility in planning have significantly hindered their effectiveness. https://www.jscm.ir/article_226146.html the importance of job creation and production improvement, as well as the necessity of consolidating resources in this area, since the year 1396 (2017), certain provisions have been allocated in some of the clauses of the annual budget laws for this purpose, which is currently the most important policy in the field of production enhancement and job creation. However, due to various challenges in the approach to this issue and the weaknesses in the country's executive and governing bodies, there has been no effective or successful implementation of this policy. Among other things, in the country's governance system, job creation and production enhancement have never been the top priority, and due to the lack of cohesive policies among the government, this type of policymaking has been subject to multiple policy shifts. The important point is that over the years, there has been an expectation for miracles from the implementation of these provisions without any efforts being made to complete or rectify the shortcomings of the relevant clauses, or during the eight years of implementing this clause, no steps have been taken to address the challenges it faces (including the lack of unity between the government and parliament, disregard for macroeconomic stability, lack of a developmental approach, absence of an industrial development strategy and spatial planning document, and lack of institutional frameworks https://www.jscm.ir/article_226491.html Entrepreneurship is known as an engine of economic growth, productivity, innovation, and job creation, and is considered one of the important dimensions of economic dynamism. Among the country's problems in recent decades have been unemployment and poverty among rural people and their migration to cities, which has caused many villages in the country to become uninhabited. Entrepreneurship can play an important role in solving these problems, given its positive effects. One of the country's policymakers' strategies in line with the Sixth Development Plan is to compile a rural economic development and employment generation plan document. The main goal of this research is to examine the areas of rural employment and entrepreneurship in line with the Rural Economic Development and Employment Creation Program document (case study: Azari Rural District, Esfarayen County). The present research method is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) and the statistical population of the research is 23 villages in Azari rural district of the central part of Esfarayen city. The results of the research showed that, considering the capabilities, bottlenecks, opportunities, and capacities of each of the villages studied, what areas of sustainable employment and entrepreneurship can be created with the participation of the people, the private sector, and the government. https://www.jscm.ir/article_226492.html Solar cooperatives play a key role as innovative models in promoting clean energy, reducing carbon emissions, and generating collective income. By analyzing 20 leading global cooperatives and examining Iran’s solar potential (4.5–5.5 kWh/m²/day), this paper shows that these cooperatives can contribute to sustainable development, job creation, and social justice [1, Chapter 2; 2, Table 2.1]. In Iran, barriers such as heavy fossil fuel subsidies ($60 billion in 2020), poor infrastructure, and low public awareness (20%) have limited the development of these cooperatives [3, p. 15; 4, Report 1401/23]. Due to the lack of data, only the “Mirrors of the Sky” cooperative is examined as a case study [5, Report 1402/15]. The study provides policy recommendations, including reforming subsidies, strengthening infrastructure, increasing public awareness, and international cooperation, to align with Vision 1404 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [6, Goal 7; 7, Paragraph 3.2]. The analyses are based on global experiences and local Iranian conditions to provide a practical framework for the development of solar cooperatives. The paper emphasizes the importance of cooperative models in achieving climate and economic goals and calls for coordinated action by the government, local communities, and international partners. https://www.jscm.ir/article_226493.html The cooperative sector, with its unique ability to synergize economic, human, and social capital, presents a transformative model for developing emerging occupations in today's rapidly evolving digital economy. By leveraging participatory governance structures, fostering innovation ecosystems, and strengthening social networks, cooperatives create an enabling environment for new forms of employment that are both economically viable and socially inclusive. Empirical evidence demonstrates that when supported by appropriate policy frameworks (including updated labor regulations, financial mechanisms, and skill development programs), cooperatives not only respond effectively to contemporary labor market demands but also establish sustainable employment models that balance profitability with social responsibility. This dual focus on economic resilience and community development positions cooperatives as vital institutional actors in shaping the future of work, particularly through their capacity to transform social capital into concrete employment opportunities while maintaining democratic decision-making processes and equitable benefit distribution. The key to unlocking this potential lies in implementing integrated policies that simultaneously address structural constraints at macro, meso, and micro levels while preserving the fundamental cooperative principles of voluntary participation and member-centric governance. https://www.jscm.ir/article_226494.html The methodological approach of this study was mixed and sequential. The sample size in the qualitative section was 24 young girls in Tehran. The theoretical coding method was used for data mining, which aims to achieve the main and secondary categories in order to set the theoretical model. The results of the study show that the central phenomenon is lifestyle, which is based on causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, and strategies. According to the findings of the present study, the ten main categories of how to use Instagram, fluidity of consumption, dramatic consumption, individualism, change in taste, virtual hedonism, body management, fluid identification on Instagram, body management, and the tendency to blog are the completion of the research paradigm model chain. Also, in the quantitative method section, the survey type, data collection techniques were set using a questionnaire derived from the theoretical model of Grand Theory, and the sample size was 320 young girls in Tehran. The findings of the present study confirm the results of the qualitative section. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227077.html This research paper examines how artificial intelligence is adapting to rapid and fundamental changes in the labor market and how cooperatives can serve as effective tools in managing these changes. First, the paper reviews the evolution of jobs and work structures in the era of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence, and describes the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges arising from this innovation. Then, cooperative models are examined as flexible structures to support the workforce and create synergies with smart technologies. By carefully analyzing case studies and examining practical experiences in several successful examples, it is shown that cooperatives can play a pivotal and key role in creating a balance between IT productivity and social justice. The results also indicate that the synchronization of artificial intelligence with management strategies in the form of cooperatives will pave the way for creating sustainable jobs and improving the quality of work at different economic levels. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227307.html This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the performance of Islamic education courses in universities and providing cultural solutions for it. The present research method is a combination of a quantitative approach with a statistical population of students across the country and a sample size of 2060 people, and with a qualitative approach in the form of content analysis and Delphi technique with a target population of Islamic education professors across the country, which included a sample of 100 people in the form of interviews using theoretical saturation. The average student assessment of desirability for all educational courses was 45.60 (in the range of zero to 100), which also explained the average downward assessment of these courses by students. The disadvantages of these courses from the perspective of some students included the strict classroom atmosphere, the lack of adaptation of professors and book content to the needs of the academic community, and the lack of desirability of the teaching method. According to the professors' statements, these three factors were divided into direct, intermediary, and contextual factors. The positive outcomes that these courses can bring from the perspective of professors and students include increasing cultural capital, strengthening religiosity, and helping to better understand the religion and history of Islam. Suggestions provided by students and professors to improve effectiveness were also received in four factors: organizational, guidance, facilitation, and related to the educational system. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227450.html In the present era, social, economic, and technological forces have challenged the traditional and static structures governing organizational systems more than ever. Especially in the field of job evaluation and classification, the linear and mechanical models of the past have faced fundamental changes due to effective internal and external forces. With the formation of new production patterns in the post-industrial economy, the previous systems of job analysis and job valuation also need to be reconsidered and redefined. In the meantime, the country's labor relations policymakers, in order to fulfill the legal duties stipulated in the labor law, are seeking to monitor and predict these changes in order to appropriately design relevant regulations. Due to its increasing complexity and dynamism, the labor-employer relations system requires future research and the design of flexible policies to deal with emerging trends in this field. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying emerging approaches in the field of job evaluation and classification and has used the data-based technique. In the first step, key themes were extracted by reviewing the theoretical literature. Then, interviews were conducted with 17 job classification experts to theoretical saturation, and their opinions were categorized and analyzed in the form of codes based on the data-driven technique. The results of the measures led to the identification of five emerging components of significance for policymakers in the field of labor relations, including ethics, challenge, innovation, documentation, and motivation. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227634.html The platform economy, while expanding new employment opportunities, has created significant challenges regarding the social insurance coverage of its workforce. This article focuses on ride-hailing platform drivers in Iran and selected countries, examining the barriers they face in accessing social protection and insurance. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach at the intersection of digital economy, social rights, and public policy, this qualitative comparative study employs thematic analysis of stakeholder interviews. Findings reveal that classifying platform workers as "self-employed" often excludes them from benefits such as unemployment insurance, healthcare, and retirement. In Iran, existing labor and social security laws (enacted in 1975 and 1990) are ill-suited to address the realities of platform-based employment. Comparative analysis of experiences in countries like Spain, Belgium, and South Korea highlights the critical role of legal reforms, redefining employment relationships, and mandatory platform contributions to improve insurance coverage. While Article 28(c) of Iran’s Seventh Development Plan marks an initial step toward recognizing platform workers' insurance rights, the lack of enforceable mechanisms undermines its effectiveness. The article proposes policy solutions including a hybrid insurance model (mandatory and voluntary), establishment of a joint social security fund, mandatory data transparency by platforms, and setting minimum wage standards. These measures, inspired by successful global practices, aim to strike a balance between the flexibility of platform-based work and social justice. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227717.html This paper takes a close look at why Iran’s banks struggle to back real-sector projects and instead funnel money into quick-turnaround, speculative ventures. Rather than acting as long-term partners for manufacturers and innovators, many banks have drifted toward short-term lending, trading activities and even direct ownership of non-bank businesses. We suggest that a mix of weak governance, outdated regulations, opaque lending practices and high non-performing loan ratios has discouraged meaningful investment in factories, farms and small-to-medium enterprises. Equally important is the gap between prevailing interest rates and the slower payback timelines typical of industrial projects, which makes borrowing prohibitively expensive for many producers. To see what might work, we compare Iran’s situation with countries that have built effective “development banks.” In Germany, South Korea, China and India, specialized financial institutions operate under clear mandates to provide long-horizon credit, share risk with the state and align closely with national industrial strategies. Their success stories offer practical lessons in everything from board-level independence and transparent credit-assessment frameworks to targeted loan products and performance-linked incentives. Drawing on these insights, we propose a series of interlocking reforms: strengthen bank boards and separate political interference from day-to-day lending decisions; create or empower dedicated development banks with a mission to finance productive activities; overhaul credit-rating and project-evaluation tools; and publish regular, detailed reports on loan portfolios to boost accountability. Crucially, policymakers, bankers and industry leaders must work together to ensure these changes would remain. https://www.jscm.ir/article_227994.html The advancement of cyber technologies and the emergence of new threats have fundamentally changed the traditional governance environment. Considering the challenges and opportunities of cyberspace in the country and its role in social, security and political developments, this research seeks to develop a local and efficient model for cyber governance.The present research method is qualitative. The study population includes experts in the field of communications and information technology in Tehran, and the sampling method was snowballed, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 people, and the data were analyzed using the data-driven theory method and key concepts and categories were extracted.Qualitative findings showed that the desired model of cyber governance in Iran should be localized, integrated and compatible with the cultural and political values of the country. Active participation of domestic institutions, institutional coordination, formulation of appropriate laws, strengthening infrastructure, attention to cyber diplomacy and dealing with cultural challenges such as public distrust were introduced as key factors in designing this model. https://www.jscm.ir/article_228365.html Given the fundamental role of literacy and digital skills in the fields of communication and media literacy, monitoring and strengthening digital skills have become one of the main concerns of policymakers. On the other hand, the increasing digital divide in the fields of literacy and digital skills and its effects on the socio-economic well-being of citizens necessitate evidence-based policymaking more than ever before; therefore, the development of frameworks for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the level of literacy and digital skills has become of utmost importance. In this article, an attempt has been made to introduce a coherent and integrated categorization of these indicators by focusing on the literacy and digital skills indicators presented in international indices. In the framework presented, 73 indicators extracted from international indices are classified into 9 skill groups including: practical skills, skills infrastructure, innovation skills, practical training, governance skills, needs assessment skills, learning in education, quality of higher education, and quantity of higher education, and ultimately clustered under three major areas of education, governance, and application. The framework presented can assist policymakers and planners in various cultural and social fields, especially in communication and information technology, in understanding and distinguishing the key elements of programs and monitoring by integrating indicators related to literacy and digital skills, and by evaluating the performance of relevant institutions and organizations, assess their success in strategies and actions taken. https://www.jscm.ir/article_229500.html The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of life and business skills training on the empowerment of female-headed households supported by the Welfare Organization of Yazd city. To this end, 40 women under the support of the Welfare Organization of Yazd Province were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of 20: an experimental group and a control group. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Empowerment Status Questionnaire for female-headed households supported by the Welfare Organization. The results of the study indicated that, after controlling for the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the estimated mean empowerment scores of the experimental and control groups (P = 0.04). The results of the covariance analysis showed that 54.6% of the changes in post-test scores were influenced by the intervention (life and business skills training). Therefore, it can be concluded that life and business skills training can contribute to the empowerment of women supported by the Welfare Organization, and this intervention can be used as an effective method for empowering female-headed households. https://www.jscm.ir/article_229765.html With the expansion of digital technologies and the emergence of the platform economy, a new form of employment known as platform jobs or platform work has emerged. This type of employment, which is mainly organized through digital applications and platforms, has challenged the traditional frameworks of labor relations and has given rise to new legal and regulatory issues in the areas of labor law, social security, legal protections, and civil responsibilities. In platform jobs, individuals provide services such as transportation, delivery, home services, training, or consulting on an independent or semi-independent basis, without being covered by traditional labor contracts. This situation has left many platform workers without the usual legal protections such as insurance, retirement, paid leave, or minimum wage, and the legal status of platforms is also unclear. In this regard, the question that arises is; “What are the legal and regulatory challenges in the definition of the employment relationship, legal protections, civil liability, and regulation of platform jobs in the Iranian legal system and comparable systems?” This article, prepared using an analytical-descriptive method and based on a study of legal documents, domestic and foreign laws, judicial practice, and international reports related to the platform economy, states that the Iranian legal system has so far failed to provide a comprehensive and appropriate response to the challenges arising from platform businesses, and that there are numerous legislative and institutional gaps in this area, and it is necessary to reform the legal structure and formulate specific regulations. https://www.jscm.ir/article_230552.html This research aimed to systematically analyze digital skills training models and develop a framework for adaptability, sustainability, and preparing Iran's workforce for the future labor market. Using a systematic analysis method, 87 sources from 2014–2024 were reviewed from reputable databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID) and global reports (UNESCO, OECD), analyzed through qualitative (thematic coding) and quantitative (comparative tables) approaches. The theoretical framework was based on the digital economy, digital governance, and digital skills training. Findings revealed that Iran's digital economy, with a projected 65% growth in IT jobs by 2030, has increased demand for advanced skills (blockchain, AI), but a low baseline digital skills rate (40%), a 70% skills gap in programming, and 20.4% of the population being offline are key challenges, necessitating more cohesive policymaking. The conceptual framework identified the digital economy as a driver and digital governance as a guide for education. Benchmarking successful global and localized models tailored to Iran's needs was recommended. Proposals include establishing national skills training and assessment platforms, developing a national digital competency model, and creating a financing model (government-industry joint fund). Suggestions for future studies were also provided. https://www.jscm.ir/article_231432.html This study intends to determine the main dimensions of the total perceived value in users of local social network systems fostering tendency to be in favor of specific social network service. The applied model in this study is based on utilitarian, hedonic, monetary aspects. Data were collected from 165 SNS users in IRAN. In this study, the data has been analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. According to the results, all hypothesis drawing relationship between antecedents and second order construct of perceived value are approved with hedonic or emotion-oriented facets of perceived value reflecting the most the development of perceived value when it comes to social network media, while ease of use facet dimension of utilitarian aspect making the least significant contribution in determining total perceived value. Besides, the salient facet of the aesthetic experience has been investigated in current study and it has proven as a reflective dimension of total perceived value. https://www.jscm.ir/article_231878.html During the transition of the international environment from the flexible bipolar system (1945-1990), the concept of strategic alignment faced fundamental challenges in international relations. The traditional balance of power, defined for Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries within the prevailing atmosphere, was redefined in the 20th century as an arms race and hardware competition between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. With the transformation of the bipolar system and the fundamental shift in the structure of international rules and relations since the 1990s, the crisis of authority legitimacy emerged. The key factor that exacerbated the perplexity of hard power in strategic alignments across the world and regions is the process of globalization. The globalization of information and communication led to increased transparency of power, heightened demands, and accountability of transnational, subnational, and lateral power structures. The 21st century world faces divergence across all domains of power, which has contributed to intra-structural crises within political units in regions such as the Middle East. The prevailing conditions of the 21st century have transformed the perception of power concepts in all spheres. https://www.jscm.ir/article_233255.html The informal economy in Iran, with a significant share of its workforce and GDP, poses profound challenges to job security, productivity, and, notably, social justice. This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach to examine the structure and consequences of Iran's informal economy, proposing comprehensive policy solutions for a transition to a formal economy grounded in social justice. The research methodology combines secondary data analysis from credible national and international reports (such as the International Labour Organization) with a thorough review of academic literature (2018-2024) across the fields of economics, sociology of labor, and social policy. Findings indicate that the primary barriers to formalization include high insurance costs, administrative complexities, weak oversight, and insufficient access to skills training. A comparative analysis of successful global experiences from Brazil and Turkey underscores the importance of targeted financial incentives, affordable insurance schemes, and skill empowerment programs. By presenting an integrated policy framework that emphasizes strengthening tripartism and the role of worker organizations, employer associations, and cooperatives, this article assists Iranian policymakers in increasing formalization rates while achieving sustainable development and social justice. The innovation of this article lies in elucidating the multifaceted dimensions of the informal economy and offering a practical model for a just transition. https://www.jscm.ir/article_233256.html Today, work is not simply about earning an income and working in a specific economic field, but rather about decent work that takes into account the dignity and worth of individuals. One of the social groups in need of work is people with disabilities, for whom providing decent work has become an important issue. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the challenges of decent work for people with disabilities and provide policy solutions. The study population consisted of academic experts, managers, experts, and activists in this field. Purposive sampling was conducted among 27 of these experts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The criterion for stopping the interviews was information saturation, and the data were then extracted using coding and thematic analysis. The findings show that the challenges of decent work among people with disabilities are related to “policy and legal gaps, institutional empowerment, compensation and insurance, semantic and conceptual fragmentation, job adaptation, inferior self-concept, and the creation of needs-based content.” Policy solutions show that in order to address these challenges, action should be taken through “labor sharing, strengthening the idea of ​​social innovation of people with disabilities, semantic and conceptual integration of decent work, creating convergence between academic and institutional literature, and creating local methodological assessments to understand decent work for people with disabilities based on local and domestic requirements. https://www.jscm.ir/article_233264.html Among the Initiatives and Methods for Achieving Economic Democracy, Worker-owner Cooperatives Provide the Deepest Level of Participation for Workers. Worker-owner Cooperatives Play a Significant Role in the Collective Organization of Informal Sector Workers and the Realization of Decent Work Goals. These types of Cooperatives are a Response to the Changes in the World of Work and a Mechanism for Formalizing Non-Standard, part-time, Self-employed Jobs, and an Alternative to Contractors and Other Distorted Forms of Outsourcing. However, Achieving this Goal Requires Expanding the Scope of Labor Law, Revising the Concept of Worker and Employer, and the Practical Commitment of Cooperatives to Decent Work Goals. Otherwise, These types of Cooperatives, Instead of Organizing Work and Supporting Informal Workers, Become a Threat to Formal Workers. Currently, There is no Precise Recognition of Worker-owner Cooperatives and Their Governance Structure in the Iranian legal system. Only in the Cooperative Sector Development Document (2013) and the Amendment (2014) has the Term Labor Cooperatives been used, Without Specifying their Characteristics and mode of Operation and Governance. Another Ambiguous and Neglected Point in the Iranian legal system is the Inclusion or non-Inclusion of Labor Law Protections for Individuals employed in These types of Cooperatives. In this Article, a Descriptive-analytical Method is used to Show the Challenges and Opportunities in this Field. https://www.jscm.ir/article_233284.html Crowdfunding, as a new way to attract micro-capital, plays a significant role in sustainable development and job creation. This study analyzes the opportunities and barriers of crowdfunding in Iran by looking at successful global models such as Grameen Bank, Kickstarter, and M-KOPA. Iran has a suitable platform for this method with high solar radiation, young human resources, and local cooperatives [27,30]. However, legal, cultural, economic, and infrastructural barriers hinder progress [11]. The Over-the-Counter (OTC) has issued guidelines to monitor local platforms that have raised significant funds for innovative projects [34]. This study, using a comparative analysis method, adapts successful models to Iranian conditions and shows that modeling M-KOPA for solar energy and SEWA for women's empowerment can boost employment and production [14,15]. Proposed solutions include the development of transparent regulations similar to the US JOBS, the development of indigenous digital platforms, public education, the integration of cooperatives, and tax incentives [17]. By removing barriers, crowdfunding can contribute to poverty reduction, the expansion of renewable energy, and sustainable development in Iran, especially in rural areas with high potential for cooperatives and solar energy [4,32]. https://www.jscm.ir/article_233285.html Abstract In the digital age, the emergence of new technologies and developments in information and communication technology have led to fundamental changes in labor relations. This article examines the developments in labor relations in the digital age and analyzes the trends, challenges, and opportunities arising from them. The main objective of this research is to identify different dimensions of change in labor relations, examine the impact of digital technologies on organizational structure and interactions between employer and employee, and provide policy recommendations for the optimal management of these changes. This research uses a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative); primary data was collected using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and secondary data was extracted from reliable domestic and international sources. The findings of this research show that digital technologies, in addition to facilitating communication and increasing productivity, have led to the creation of managerial, legal, and cultural challenges in organizations. The policy recommendations presented in this article emphasize the need to adapt legal frameworks, improve the digital skills of the workforce, and develop new technology-based management models. Keywords: Labor relations, digital age, information technology, organizational change, modern management https://www.jscm.ir/article_234022.html This research was conducted with the aim of designing a cultural responsibility model in Saipa Automobile Company with a data-based approach. This research is a sequential and exploratory qualitative strategy, and the statistical sample in the qualitative section included all academic experts and experts in the field of cultural management, which were equal to 20 people. The research tool included researcher-made coding sheets, the validity of which was confirmed by the members of the Delphi group and its reliability was calculated with the P-Scott criterion of 0.95. The research findings showed that the factors related to the cultural responsibility model in Saipa Automobile Company with a data-based approach were identified in the form of 15 categories and 84 conceptual codes, and were placed in the 5 dimensions of the paradigm model as causal conditions (3categories), strategies (3categories), contextual conditions (2categories), intervening or mediating conditions (3categories) and consequences (2 categories). If Saipa succeeds in institutionalizing the cultural responsibility model at a macro and operational level, this model can be generalized to other major industries in the country and can strengthen both public satisfaction and social trust, as well as contribute to industrial development along with indigenous identity and values. https://www.jscm.ir/article_234691.html This research seeks to develop a local model for cyber governance that is designed according to the structures, values, and local conditions of Iran. The present research method is a mixed method. In the qualitative part, the study population includes specialists in the field of communications and information technology in Tehran, with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 people and the data were analyzed using data-driven theory. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire was distributed among 393 people and data analysis was performed using SPSS 26 software and a survey method. Qualitative findings showed that the desired model of cyber governance in Iran should be localized and compatible with the cultural and political values of the country. Active participation of domestic institutions, institutional coordination, formulation of appropriate laws, strengthening of infrastructure, attention to cyber diplomacy and dealing with cultural challenges such as public distrust were introduced as key factors in designing this model. Quantitative findings also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of government policymaking (r=0.68), information transparency (r=0.61), public trust (r=0.73), cyberspace laws (r=0.68) and international cooperation (r=0.72) with the promotion of desirable cyber governance. These results reinforced the qualitative findings.Keywords: cyberspace, cyber governance, explanation of the strategic model of political and social domains. https://www.jscm.ir/article_235153.html 4.0 industry systems in general and advanced manufacturing systems such as collaborative robots in particular are known for their high level of complexity, which raises new safety concerns. The most important feature of these concerns is their complexity and multidimensionality. This study aims to prioritize the risk factors in human-robot collaboration introduced in the literature from the perspective of industrialists and academics. Therefore, the use of the simplified best-worst group method (SG-BWM) is on the agenda. From the literature study, five risk factors including occupational safety and health, professional preparation, physical issues, psychological and trust issues, and ethical and legal issues were considered as the most important and comprehensive risk factors in human-robot collaboration. The results showed that the occupational safety and health factor (experts' average weight: 0.305) ranked first, and physical issues and professional preparation (experts' average weight: 0.235 and 0.199) ranked second and third, respectively. In terms of prioritizing risk factors, no difference was observed between the views of academic experts and industry experts. The proposed approach can provide a strong foundation to guide the future development of diverse risk assessment models for collaborative robot environments and facilitate the safe coexistence of humans and robots in the 4.0 industrial era. https://www.jscm.ir/article_235988.html The present study examines the way Iranian Kurds talk groups act in WhatsApp and ETA social networks. The research paradigm is interpretive and its approach is qualitative. ase study strategy was used to conduct the research and qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data.In this research, Kurdish activists living in Kurdistan who are active in WhatsApp and Ita social networks in 1403 were elected. Sampling continued until the desired questions reached theoretical saturation.The interview was analyzed with thematic analysis and with the help of MAXQDA software.The analysis of the test data was also done in two descriptive and inferential categories, Based on the results, it was determined that the activism of the online audience, (collectivism), ngaging and reacting and announcing and publishing) has the largest volume of activities and also the largest number of users, also the activities related to social activism among other activism among the Kurds have a wider range.the findings show that the Kurdish activists of Kurdistan suffer from five political and security challenges,digital, activist culture, economic and communication.he findings show that Kurdish activists of Kurdistan, to introduce their ethnic culture in social networks, from10 mechanisms of informing and disseminating news, training, raising awareness, strengthening communication function,strengthening social power, producing knowledge and content, advertising, targeted measurement, They use streaming and alternative media, شnd in the end, the Kurdish activists of Kurdistan pointed out 3 basic components among the components of ethnic identity in social network activists, which include value elements,cognitive elements and emotional elements https://www.jscm.ir/article_237344.html As technological entanglements deepen, media organizations are undergoing a fundamental transformation marked by increasingly complex intersections between human and algorithmic agency. Drawing from 33 peer-reviewed studies, this paper develops a socio-technical synthesis of AI integration, identifying four interrelated subsystems—social, technical, contextual, and interactional—that collectively reshape roles, hierarchies, workflows, and institutional values in media organizations. Grounded in socio-technical systems theory, the study frames ‘co-optimization’ as a conceptual anchor to capture the recursive interplay between human judgment and algorithmic logic in contemporary media environments. Theoretically, the paper reframes AI integration as a dynamic process of mutual adaptation; practically, it offers actionable frameworks for responsible AI governance in journalism and media practice. The findings indicate that AI integration in media organizations is a dynamic, iterative process that involves continuous negotiation across social, technical, and contextual dimensions. The analysis underscores the importance of considering these dimensions to effectively balance the benefits of AI with journalistic integrity and public trust. https://www.jscm.ir/article_237347.html Background and purpose: Depending on the type of work and activity, and more importantly, the future that definitely belongs to online businesses, teleworking as a management idea will be a definite requirement in the human resource management policy and will also entail green human resource management. In the present study, the effect of teleworking on job stress with the moderating role of employees' beliefs about teleworking was examined and analyzed as the research objective. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey method (three-stage/time to reduce the risk of common method variance). Data were collected through standard questionnaires; power distance and individualism with six items; job stress, beliefs in the effectiveness of teleworking and social isolation with three items each and analyzed using structural equations and Mplus software. Findings: An employee's cultural background plays an indirect role in the relationship between teleworking and job stress because it affects beliefs about teleworking isolation and effectiveness, which in turn affects the effects of teleworking on job stress. Specifically, employees with high power distance or individualism scores have positive beliefs about the effectiveness of teleworking. Employees with low power distance scores are more concerned that teleworking will lead to social isolation. Therefore, teleworking will only reduce job stress if employees do not believe that teleworking will lead to social isolation. Conclusion: Changing negative beliefs, the beneficial effects of teleworking, including effectiveness and lack of social isolation, will reduce stress, improve well-being, and reduce organizational travel costs for employees. https://www.jscm.ir/article_238044.html In the digital era, Internet advertising has emerged as a strategic tool that offers striking advantages over traditional media and plays a pivotal role in engaging consumers effectively. In Iran, the exponential growth of Internet users has provided public and private organizations with a valuable opportunity to leverage this accessible, low‑cost, and far‑reaching medium to bolster the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns and expand their market share. However, research shows that audience exposure to digital ads is not always met with acceptance. Recent studies indicate that contemporary consumers under the influence of cognitive, behavioral, and mechanistic factors, are increasingly inclined to avoid such advertisements, a phenomenon that not only fails to deliver benefits for advertisers but also leads to wasted financial resources and diminished returns on investment. In this regard, this study was designed to identify and rank the key factors that lead to avoidance of online advertising by student audiences, using quantitative methods. Data were gathered via a questionnaire distributed to 335 students at Farabi College, University of Tehran. Exploratory factor analysis in SPSS was employed to extract the underlying components, and the Shannon entropy method was applied to determine their relative weights. Six determinants were identified, in descending order of influence: skepticism toward Internet advertising, distrust of Internet advertising, time urgency, prior negative experiences, advertising overload, and distrust of the medium. These findings offer strategic insights for digital‑marketing policymakers, enabling them to address the identified challenges and devise measures to reduce audience avoidance and enhance engagement rates. https://www.jscm.ir/article_240905.html The reimposition of United Nations Security Council sanctions on Iran through the “snapback mechanism” was not merely a legal or political development, but a site of intense narrative contestation and an arena for the deployment of soft power by major international actors. This study examines how media—central instruments in shaping global public perception and constructing legitimacy—either contributed to delegitimizing or legitimizing the snapback procedure against Iran, and how these mediated representations influenced the interpretation of international law and state practice. The theoretical framework is grounded in three pillars: the concept of legitimacy in international law and its role in the functioning of Security Council resolutions; the dynamics of soft power and the media’s capacity to form collective perceptions of legitimacy; and the critical media traditions within communication studies that reveal how narratives structure international political meaning. Methodologically, the study adopts an analytical–comparative approach, drawing on legal documents, official statements, Security Council practice, and discourse analysis of international and regional media. The findings demonstrate that media coverage—particularly within Western outlets—did not merely mirror legal disputes surrounding the validity of restoring sanctions. Rather, media narratives played a constitutive role in shaping political expectations, influencing legal reasoning, and framing the broader understanding of international obligations. The study concludes that in the post-truth era, legal legitimacy cannot be sustained without media legitimacy, and that sanctions lacking a coherent soft-power narrative risk diminished credibility and effectiveness. The paper ends with normative and practical recommendations for strengthening Iran’s legal and communicative positioning within global public discourse. https://www.jscm.ir/article_242229.html The present study seeks to conduct a qualitative study of the representation of citizen power on Instagram based on the narratives of Iranian bloggers. The research method was virtual ethnography and in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 bloggers using a judgmental sampling method. The results of the present study showed that citizen power on Instagram, based on the narratives of Iranian bloggers, is manifested in the form of 6 main themes as follows: 1. Victim citizen; The victim citizen's experience includes a sense of humiliation, a sense of rejection, and a sense of inferiority. 2. Demanding citizen; which is expressed in the form of three themes of the right to speak, meaning freedom of expression, the right to demand, and the right to be seen. 3. Observing citizen; is based on three themes of social responsibility, the formation of civil society, and the existence of campaigns. 4. Critical citizen; The main components of the critical citizen are: criticism of existing policies in the country, criticism of various programs, and criticism of the methods of implementing policies and programs. 5. Resistant citizen (symbolic resistance); The basic themes that constitute the resistant citizen are: ignoring official policies, confronting the existing official order, and replacing them. 6. Network citizen; which is defined in the form of three themes: