نویسنده
دانشگاه یزد
چکیده
این مقاله به بررسی جغرافیایِ انتخابِ والدینی در یک منطقه روستایی می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه گروهی از والدین از طریق فرآیند انتخاب مدرسه ابتدایی، راه و روش خودشان را انتقال می‌دهند. در این مقاله از داده‌های مردمنگارانهای که از طریق مشاهده و مصاحبه با والدین و کارکنان سه مدرسه ابتدایی در انگلستان گردآوری شده، استفاده‌شده است. این پژوهش از مفاهیم سرمایه، عادتواره و میدان بوردیو بهره برده است تا نشان دهد که چگونه انتخاب مدرسه فرزندان تحت تأثیر منابع و ارزش‌های والدین آنهاست. افزون بر این، بر اساس یافتههای پژوهش، والدینی که اقامت طولانی در محله روستایی داشته‌اند نه‌تنها تحت تأثیر سرمایه فرهنگی‌شان، بلکه تحت تأثیر پیوندهای خانوادگی و تعهدات احساسی نسبت به محله روستایی خود نیز بوده‌اند و بنابراین، این والدین تمایل بیشتری به حمایت از مدرسه روستایشان داشتند. در مقابل، والدین تازهوارد، از سرمایه فرهنگی و قدرت فضایی خود برای یافتن جایی که اعتقاد دارند برای مدرسه بهتر است، استفاده می‌کنند. این مقاله استدلال می‌کند که والدین تازهوارد، وفاداری کمتری به مکان، و نیز به موقعیت نمادینی که مدرسه در اجتماع روستایی آن‌ها دارد، نشان می‌دهند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Archer, L., and Francis, B. (2006) Challenging classes?: exploring the role of social class within the identities and achievement of British Chinese pupils. Sociology 40, 29-49.
Archer, M. S. (2000) Being Human: The Problem of Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ball, S. J. (1993) Education markets, choice and social class: the market as a class strategy in the UK and the USA. British Journal of Sociology of Education 14 (1), 3-19.
Ball, S. J. (2003) Class Strategies and the Education Market: The Middle-Classes and Social Advantage. London, Taylor and Francis.
Ball, S. J. and Vincent, C. (1998) „I heard it on the grapevine‟: „Hot‟ knowledge and school choice. British Journal of Sociology of Education 19(3), 377-400.
Ball, S. J. and Vincent, C. (2005) The 'childcare champion'? New Labour, social justice and the childcare market. British Educational Research Journal 31(5), 557-570.
Ball, S. J., Vincent, C., Kemp, S. and Pietikainen, S. (2004) Middle class fractions, childcare and the „relational‟ and „normative‟ aspects of class practices. The Sociological Review 478-502.
Bell, A. and Sigsworth, A. (1987) The Small Primary School: A Matter of Quality. East Sussex, The Falmer Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bradley, S., Crouchley, R., Millington, J. and Taylor, J. (2000) Testing for quasi-market forces in secondary education. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62(3), 357-390.
Bradley, S., Johnes, G. and Millington, J. (2001) The effect of competition on the efficiency of secondary schools in England. European Journal of Operational Research 135, 545-568.
Butler, T. (1997) Gentrification and the Middle Classes. Aldershot, Ashgate.
Butler, T. and Hamnett, C. (2007) The geography of education: introduction. Urban Studies 44(7), 1161-1174.
Butler, T. and Robson, G. (2003) Plotting the middle classes: gentrification and circuits of education in London. Housing Studies 18, 5-28
Cloke, P., Phillips, M. and Thrift, N. (1995) The new middle-classes and the social constructs of rural living. In Social Change and the Middle-Classes, pp. 220-238, Butler, T. and Savage, M. (eds). London, UCL Press.
Cloke, P. and Thrift, N. (1990) Class and change in rural Britain. In Rural Restructuring: Global Processes and their Responses, pp. 165-181, Marsden, T., Lowe, P. and Whatmore, S. (eds). London, David Fulton.
Cohen, A. P. (ed) (1982) Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Crozier, G., Reay, D., James, D., Jamieson, F., Beedell, P., Hollingworth, S. and Williams, K. (2008) White middle-class parents, identities, educational choice and the urban comprehensive school: dilemmas, ambivalence and moral ambiguity. British Journal of Sociology of Education 29(3), 261-272.
DfE (Department of Education) (1992) Choice and Diversity: A New Framework for Schools (Cm. 2021). London, HMSO.
DfES (Department for Education and Skills) (2004) 2003 Primary School (Key Stage 2) Performance Tables. http://www.dfes.gov.uk/performancetables/primary_03/p4.shtml (Accessed 22/04/04).
Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) (2004) Review of the rural white paper - Our countryside: the future. London, Defra Publications.
DETR (Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions) (2000) Our Countryside: the Future - a fair deal for rural England (Rural White Paper, Cm. 4909). London, HMSO.
DfT (Department for Transport) (2004) Walking and cycling: an action plan http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/walking/actionplan/ (Accessed 05/11/09).
Dovey, K. (2005) The silent complicity of architecture. In Habitus: A Sense of Place 2nd ed., pp. 283-296, Hillier J. and Rooksby, E. (eds). Aldershot, Ashgate.
Forsythe, D. (1984) The social effects of primary school closure. In Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions, Bradley, T. and Lowe, P. (eds). Norwich, Geo Books.
Francis, B. and Archer, L. (2005) British-Chinese pupils' and parents' constructions of the value of education. British Educational Research Journal 31(1), 89-108.
Gewirtz, S., Ball, S. J. and Bowe, R. (1993) Values and ethics in the education market place: the case of Northwark Park. International Studies in Sociology of Education 3(2), 233-253.
Gewirtz, S., Ball, S. J. and Bowe, R. (1995) Markets, Choice and Equity in Education. Buckingham, Open University Press.
Goldring, E. B. and Hausman, C. S. (1999) Reasons for parental choice of urban schools. Journal of Education Policy 14(5), 469-490.
Gulson, K.N. and Symes, C. (eds) (2007) Spatial Theories of Education: Policy and Geography Matters. New York, Routledge.
Hansom Thiem, C. (2008) Thinking through education: the geographies of contemporary educational restructuring. Progress in Human Geography 1-20.
Le Grand, J. (1991a) Quasi-markets and social policy. Economic Journal 101, 1256-1267.
Le Grand, J. (1991b) Liberty, equality and vouchers. In Empowering the Parents: How to Break the Schools Monopoly, pp. 77-90, Green, D. G. (ed). London, IEA Health and Welfare Unit.
Limb, M., and Dwyer, C. (eds) (2001) Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. London, Arnold.
Little, J. and Austin, R. (1996) Women and the rural idyll. Journal of Rural Studies 12(2), 101-111.
Local Government Association (2000) Education in Rural Communities: Report by the Local Government Association Education and Lifelong Learning Working Group. http://www.lga.gov.uk/Documents/Publication/RuralIssues.PDF (Accessed 19/08/05).
Mahar, C. (1990) „Pierre Bourdieu: the intellectual project‟. In An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory, R. Harker., Mahar, C. and Wilkes, C. (eds). Hampshire, Macmillan Press.
Massey, D. (1995) Reflections on gender and geography. In Social Change and the Middle Classes, pp. 330-344, Butler, T. and Savage, M. (eds). London, UCL Press.
McDowell, L., Ward, K., Perrons, D., Ray, K. and Fagan, C. (2006) Place, class and local circuits of reproduction: exploring the social geography of middle-class childcare in London. Urban Studies 43(12), 2163-2182.
Moser, M. (2006) Rural primary schools: mapping conflict between the community and the market, PhD Thesis. Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University.
NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (2009) Promoting physical activity for children and young people. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PH17 (Accessed 05/11/09).
Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education) (2000a) Ofsted inspection report for 'Fieldsend' C of E School. http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/ (Accessed 08/04/2004).
Ofsted (2000b) Ofsted inspection report for 'Marshland' Community School. http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/ (Accessed 08/04/2004).
Ofsted (2001a) Ofsted inspection report for Local Education Authority. X County Council: from the World Wide Web (Accessed 09/10/05).
Ofsted (2001b) Ofsted inspection report for 'Greenthwaite' Community School. http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/ (Accessed 08/04/2004).
Parr, H., Philo, C. and Burns, H. (2004) Social geographies of rural mental health: experiencing inclusions and exclusions. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29(4), 401 - 419.
Reay, D. (1995a) „Using habitus to look at "race" and class in primary school classrooms‟. In Anti-racism, Culture and Social Justice in Education. Griffiths, M. and Troyna, B. (eds). Stoke-on Trent, Trentham Books.
Reay, D. (1995b) "They employ cleaners to do that": habitus in the primary classroom. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 16(3), 353-371.
Reay, D. (1996) Contextualising choice: social power and parental involvement. British Educational Research Journal 22(5), 581-595.
Reay, D. (2004) 'It's all becoming a habitus': beyond the habitual use of habitus in educational research. British Journal of Sociology of Education 25(4), 431-444.
Reay, D. and Ball, S. J. (1998) "Making their minds up": Family dynamics of school choice. British Educational Research Journal 24(4), 431-448.
Reay, D., Hollingworth, S., Williams, K., Crozier, G., Jamieson, F., James, D. and Beedell, P. (2007) „A darker shade of pale?‟ Whiteness, the middle classes and multi-ethnic inner city schooling. Sociology 41(6), 1041-1060.
Reay, D. and Lucey, H. (2000) Children, school choice and social differences. Educational Studies 26(1), 83-100.
Ribchester, C., and Edwards, B. (1999) The centre and the local: policy and practice in rural education provision. Journal of Rural Studies 15(1), 49-63.
Savage, M. (2000) Class Analysis and Social Transformation. Buckingham, Open University Press.
Smith, D. and Higley, R. (2008) The 'other' dimensions of contemporary rural gentrification. Paper presented at the Royal Geographical Society with IBG Annual International Conference. RGS London, 27-29 August.
Taylor, C. (2001a) Hierarchies and „local‟ markets: the geography of the „lived‟ market place in secondary education provision. Journal of Education Policy 16(3), 197-214.
Taylor, C. (2001b) The geography of choice and diversity in the 'new' secondary education market of England. Area 33(4), 368-381.
Taylor, C. (2002) Geography of the „New‟ Education Market: Secondary School Choice in England and Wales. Aldershot, Ashgate.
Urry, J. (1995) A middle-class countryside? In Social Change and the Middle Classes, pp. 205-219, Butler, T. and Savage, M. (eds). London, UCL Press.
Valentine, G. (1997) A safe place to grow up? Parenting perceptions of children's safety and the rural idyll. Journal of Rural Studies 13(2), 137-148.
Vincent, C. (2001) Social class and parental agency. Journal of Education Policy 16(4), 347-364.
Vincent, C., Ball, S. J. and Kemp, S. (2004) The social geography of childcare: making up a middle-class child. British Journal of Sociology of Education 25(2), 229-244.
Warrington, M. (2005) Mirage in the desert? Access to educational opportunities in an area of social exclusion. Antipode 796-816.
Willms, J. D. and Echols, F. (1992) Alert and inert clients: the Scottish experience of parental choice of schools. Economics of Education Review 11(4), 339-350.
Woods, M. (2005) Contesting Rurality: Politics in the British Countryside. Aldershot, Ashgate.
Williams, J. (2008) United we stand: a soft federation model for small primary schools www.ncsl.org.uk (Accessed 23/07/09).
)