فئودالیته مقدس»؟، ساختار و سازمان اقتصادی تصوف نقشبندیه خالدی در مناطق کردنشین اهل سنت ایران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه تهران و متخصص حوزه جامعه شناسی دین
2 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی اقتصادی دانشگاه تهران
10.22034/scm.2025.558162.1965
چکیده
تصوف نقشبندیه به عنوان جریان مذهبی تاثیرگذار، تاثیرات زیادی بر ابعاد فرهنگی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و اقتصادی مناطق کردنشین اهل تسنن ایران باقی گذاشته است. برخی از محققین تصوف را عامل عقب‌ماندگی جوامع دانسته‌اند و برخی از محققین به عنوان نمونه «یاوز» در ترکیه تصوف را عامل پیشرفت اقتصادی دانسته‌اند. در این تحقیق با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا و بررسی اسناد و کتب مهم تصوف نقشبندیه، مصاحبه عمیق با شیوخ ، خلفا و مریدان ، سعی شده است نظریات نظریه‌پردازانی مانند ابن خلدون، وبر، ترنر و وان برونسن در مورد تصوف مورد بررسی قرار بگیرد و سازمان اقتصادی تصوف نقشبندیه خالدی در کردستان بررسی شود. بر همین اساس محققین به دنبال بررسی عمیقتر این موضوع بودند. در ساختار طریقت، شیخ یا قطب، مرشد و فرد مقدسی است که مریدان همیشه در ید اقتدار وی هستند و بدون رضایت ایشان نمیتوانند هیچ نوع عملی را انجام دهند. نفع شیخ برای مریدان تنها نفع معنوی و آن جهانی است اما مریدان منافع مادی بسیاری برای شیوخ دارند. مریدان نیروی کار رایگانی هستند که باید با عشق و بدون اعتراض بر روی زمین-های شیخ کار کنند و تمام محصول متعلق به خانقاه و شیخ است. تصوف نقشبندیه هرچند در ابتدای امر مبتنی بر انتقال اقتدار معنوی غیر ارثی بود، اما در ادامه، مرشد بودن تبدیل به امر خانوادگی و ارثی شده است. «فئودالیته مقدس» کلان مفهوم یا نتیجه‌ای است که برای این سازمان اقتصادی به دست آمده است

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

"Sacred Feudalism"?, The Economic Structure and Organization of the Khalidi Naqshbandi Sufi Order in Sunni Kurdish Regions of Iran

نویسندگان English

Sara Shariati Mazinani 1
Jamil Mafakheri Bashmagh 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Tehran and Specialist in Sociology of Religion
2 PhD student in Economic Sociology, University of Tehran
چکیده English

The Naqshbandi Sufi order, as an influential religious movement, has had a profound impact on the cultural, social, political, and economic dimensions of Sunni Kurdish regions in Iran. Some scholars have viewed Sufism as a factor contributing to societal backwardness, while others, such as Yavuz in Turkey, have considered it a driver of economic development.



This study employs content analysis and examines key documents and texts of the Naqshbandi order, along with in-depth interviews with Sheikhs, Khalifas, and followers (murids) . It aims to analyze the theories of scholars like Ibn Khaldun, Weber, Turner, and van Bruinessen regarding Sufism and to investigate the economic organization of the Khalidi Naqshbandi order in Kurdistan.

. Based on this premise, the researchers sought to examine this issue more deeply.



Within the structure of the order, the Sheikh or Qutb is a sacred guide whose followers are perpetually under his authority; they cannot undertake any action without his consent. The benefit of the Sheikh for the murids is solely spiritual and otherworldly, whereas the murids provide substantial material benefits for the Sheikhs. The murids essentially serve as a unpaid labor force, expected to work on the Sheikh's lands with love and without objection, with the entire produce belonging to the Khanqah and the Sheikh.



Although the Naqshbandi order was initially based on non-hereditary spiritual authority, the role of Murshid (guide) eventually became a familial and hereditary matter. "Sacred Feudalism" is the overarching concept or conclusion derived for this economic organization.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Sacred Feudalism
Sheikh
Murid
Principles of the Tariqah
Economic Organization
 
 
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دوره 14، شماره 56
پاییز 1404
صفحه 11-50

  • تاریخ دریافت 17 آبان 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 26 آبان 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 27 آبان 1404